English words are divided into eight kinds which ware called parts / types of speech
(1) Noun (2) Pronoun (3) Adjective (4) Verb
(5) Adverb (6) Preposition (7) Conjunction (8)Interjection
(1) Noun:
A noun is a word used for giving a name to some person, place of thing. For example;
Suleman, Dera Ismail Khan, Book, Happiness etc.
Noun are classified as under:
a) Common Noun:
A common noun is a noun that denotes (indicates) a general or common person or thing; e.g. table, city,book,man, boy etc.
I bought a book.
b) Proper Noun:
A proper noun is a noun that denotes one particular person or thing as distinct from every other; as Muhammad Ali, Peshawar, The Holy Quran.
I recite the Holy Quran daily.
c) Collective Noun:
A collective noun is the name of a number of persons or things taken together and spoken of as a whole; as, crowd, army, team, flock, jury, class, police, family, party, fleet, nation, parliament, committee etc.
Our team won the match.
d) Abstract Noun:
An abstract noun is usually the name of a quality, action or state; e.g. love, kindness, darkness, honesty, joy etc.(quality)
revenge, theft, hatred, judgement etc. (action)
sleep, slavery, sickness, death, poverty, etc. (state)
Honesty is the best policy.
He swore to take revenge on his enemy.
e) Material Noun:
A material noun denotes a substance of which things are made; e.g. iron, gold, silver, paper, water, milk, etc.
Gold is very costly now a days.
(2) Pronoun:
A word that is used instead of noun is called a pronoun; as i,you,he,she,they,etc.
some of the common pronouns are:
I, We, You, He, She, They, It, One, Each, Every, Either, Neither, Who, Whose, What, This, That, Myself, Ourselves, Himself etc.
For example:
He reads the poem again and again.
What is the matter?
This s a good book.
One should not waste one's precious time.
Each of the boys wants a prize.
(3) Adjective:
A word that is used to describe or qualify the meanings of a noun or pronoun is called an adjective; as,
A beautiful flower
A wise man.
An interesting match.
Kinds of Adjectives
Adjectives can be divided into the following kinds.
a) Adjectives of quality:
Such adjectives tell us about the quality of a person or thing
good, bad, kind, small, large , beautiful, ugly, intelligent etc.
are adjectives of quality.
Example:
You are an Intelligent boy
This is a beautiful watch.
b) Adjectives of quantity:
Such adjectives tell us about the quantity of things.
All, some, any, no, much, enough, etc. are adjectives quantity.
Examples:
She solved all questions.
They are giving me some books.
c) Adjectives of number:
Such adjectives tell us about the number of things or persons.
one, two, third, some, any, few etc. are adjectives number.
Examples:
He bought two pens.
Some students are still there.
d) Demonstrative adjectives:
Such adjectives point out towards place or thing.
This, that, these, those, such are the demonstrative adjectives.
Examples:
This is your book.
Those are naughty students.
e) Interrogative adjectives:
Such adjectives are used with noun s or pronoun to ask questions.
what, which, whose, are the interrogative adjectives.
Examples:
Which book is yours?
Whose pen is this?
f) Distributive adjectives:
Such adjectives refer to each and every person or thing.
Each, every, both, either, neither, none, etc. are distributive adjectives.
Each student will have his share.
Both boys are going to school.
g) Possessive adjectives:
Those adjectives which show possession are known as possessive adjectives.
my, our, your, his, her, their are possessive adjectives.
Examples:
My Shoes are new.
His mother is a teacher.
h) Proper adjectives:
Those adjectives which are derived form proper nouns are called proper adjectives.
Pakistani, Chinese, Indian, America etc. are the proper adjectives.
Examples:
He is wearing Pakistani dress.
Chinese manufactures are very popular in the world.
(4) Verb:
A word that talks something about the activity of a person or thing is called a verb. e.g.
Anwar writes, she cooks, they laugh
Auxiliary verbs:
Auxiliary verbs are commonly known as helping verbs. There are two types of auxiliary verbs.
1. Primary auxiliary verbs
2. Modal auxiliary verbs.
Primary auxiliary verbs:
They are: is, am, are, was, were, do, does, did, has, have and had. They can be used as main verbs as well as auxiliary verbs. e.g.
I have a house. (main verb).
I have bought a car. (auxiliary verb)
They do their work well (main verb)
I do not buy a car.(auxiliary verb)
Modal auxiliary verbs:
Modal auxiliary verbs are used with another verbs to lend special meanings or moods to the sentence. They are shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might , must, ought to, used to and dare.
(5) Adverb:
An adverb is a word that qualifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a proposition or a conjunction as,
He runs fast.
This is very beautiful watch.
Our teacher writes quite clearly.
The stone fell exactly over his head.
She is arrogant simply because she is rich.
Kind of Adverbs:
Adverbs are divided into different kinds according to their functions.
a) Adverbs of time:
Adverbs of time are answers to the question "when" e.g.
Q. When did you arrive?
A. I arrived early.
Adverbs of time are:
Early, late, always, ever, never, after, already, afterwards, today, tomorrow, yesterday, soon, ago, once, since, next frequently, presently, etc.
b) Adverbs of place or position:
Adverbs of place are answers to the questions "where" e.g
Q. Where were you standing?
A. I was standing outside.
Adverbs of place are:
Here, there, down, below, above, under, by, outside, inside, within, near, away, far, out, in, etc.
c) Adverbs of manner:
Adverbs of manner are answers to the question"how" or "In what manner" e.g.
Q. How did he play?
A. He played well.
Adverbs of manner are: Happily, quickly, bravely, loudly, neatly, badly, fast, well etc.
d) Adverbs of frequency or number:
Adverbs of frequency or number are answers to the question "how often" e.g.
Q. How often have you forbidden him?
A. I have forbidden him twice.
Adverbs of frequency are:
Once, twice, seldom, occasionally, always, never, often, etc.
e) Adverbs of degree or quantity:
Adverbs of degree or quantity are answers to question "how much", or "to what extent"e.g.
Q. How much did he eat?
A. He ate a lot.
Adverbs of degree are
Much,very, more, most, too, enough, less, a lot, fairly, rather, quite, almost, complete, etc.
f) Adverbs of reason or cause:
Adverbs of reasons or cause are answers to questions "why" e.g.
Q. Why did he take medicine?
A. He took medicine because he was ill.
The adverbs of reason are:
Therefore, consequently, because, hence, etc.
(6) Preposition:
Preposition is a word used before a noun of a pronoun to shows its relation with another person or thing; as,
I placed my book on the table.
There is a man in the garden.
Kinds of prepositions:
The preposition are mainly of two kinds.
1. Single word preposition 2. Complex preposition
(1) Single word prepositions:
Single word preposition consists of one word only. Some of the commonly used single word preposition are:
About Before For On Towards
Above Beneath Form Opposite Under
(2) Complex preposition:
The preposition are made by joining two words or two simple prepositions.
Some of the commonly used commonly used complex word prepositions are:
According to For the sake off In view of
Along with In comparison On account of
(7) Conjunction:
A word used for joining one word to another, or one sentence to another sentence is called a conjunction; e.g.
Ali and Najib are close friends.
Some of the commonly used conjunction are:
And, as, if, as, well, as, but, consequently, for, hence, however, nevertheless, so, than, then, therefore, though, unless, until, when, whereas, while etc.
(8) Interjection:
A word or phrase in a sentence that expresses some feeling of the mind is called an interjection. For example.
Hurrah! I have found my watch.
Alas! We have lost the match.
Some of the very commonly used interjections are:
Alas, Bravo, Good heavens, Hallo, Hurrah, Hush, My God, O God, Oh, What, What a, Well done etc.
Posted By: Wasim Javed
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