Like the my older post of definition of a problem, by which we can get the basic understanding to it, analysis of the problem is also required. Once a problem has been defined, it must be properly analyzed. By this, we mean that definition of a problem is made as whole whereas the analysis is done in such a way that a problem is divided into various parts called sub-problem and each of these sub-problems are properly arranged in such a way that the sub-problem solution in that specific arrangement of each problem will lead to the overall solution of the main problem.
Analysis of the problem has a lot of advantages. If the problem is analyzed, the problem solver can make his / her logic according to that analysis. Analysis of the problem means looking the problem from each and every angle and finding out some type of initial gateway to its solution that will be the best of all the solutions. Analysis of the problem is just like factorizing a mathematical equation to find out its solution. A mathematical problem which cannot be solved without factorization can be solved when it is correctly factorized. Similarly a hug and complicated problem can be solved with correct logic or wisdom when it is analyzed properly and accurately.
Another example of analysis of a problem may be given like we have a bundle of sticks which has to be broken. Now in this case, if a large number of sticks are tied in that bundle, it will too much difficult to break it as a whole. Now the statement of the problem is "To break the sticks in the bundle in any way:. Proper analysis will soon result into the idea to unite the sticks and break them one by one.
It mus be kept in mind that if we properly understand the problem i.e we can successfully define the problem and we have certain logic or wisdom in our mind by which we can analyze and solve the defined problem, only then we shall be able to solve the problem computationally by means of computer program. A computer is having hardware and software that can perform useful operations, even though a computer is being instructed by its programmer and following these programmer instructions, it solves problems. If someone does not have a correct definition and analysis of certain problem, he/she has no logical basis to solve it then he/she cannot give it to the computer to solve it. The output obtained from the steps of problem definition and analysis is the logic of the programmer and it is more important than typing a program or writing a program. A lot of time and hard work is needed to make the logic of programming efficient and the best. For this, most experienced programmers give 90% of their time and effort for improvement of the logic of their programs.
Posted By: Wasim Javed
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Showing posts with label Notes of Computer. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Notes of Computer. Show all posts
Problem Solving
Whenever we are writing a computer program, our purpose is to solve a problem computationally. So the basic purpose of computer programming is solution of our daily life problems of different areas. This process of programming or problem solving is not just typing a program and then checking its output rather it is a process in which multiple steps fare involved. Our computer programming to solve a program consists of a number of steps which can be described one by one.
Defining the problem:
Problem definition is an important aspect problem solving whether that my be the computer field or any other field. By defining the problem one understand that what input or data has been given and what type of output is required. By this understanding one can get the initial point from where the solution to the problem can be found.
It must be kept in mind that problem definition is a very important step because the way we understand a problem starts right from this step. If a problem is clearly and correctly defined, the solution is highly simplified. One the other hand if some failure occurs in the definition of the problem, the entire solution becomes doubtful and complicated. This problem definition is a statement which is stated correctly, makes it easier to the problem solver how to solve it.
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Defining the problem:
Problem definition is an important aspect problem solving whether that my be the computer field or any other field. By defining the problem one understand that what input or data has been given and what type of output is required. By this understanding one can get the initial point from where the solution to the problem can be found.
It must be kept in mind that problem definition is a very important step because the way we understand a problem starts right from this step. If a problem is clearly and correctly defined, the solution is highly simplified. One the other hand if some failure occurs in the definition of the problem, the entire solution becomes doubtful and complicated. This problem definition is a statement which is stated correctly, makes it easier to the problem solver how to solve it.
Posted By: Wasim Javed
Labels:
Computer,
Computer Science,
Notes of Computer
Managing Files and Folders
File: A collection of related data or programs/records stored as a unit with a single name is called a file.
Folder: Collection of files and /or folders is called folder.
Drive: A storage medium in which data may be organized and maintained in the form of files and folders.
1. To create New Folder:
Right click on the Desktop empty area Or The drive in which you want to create new Folder.
Select the new option and then click on the folder option.
Give the name to this new folder.
2. To rename the Folder:
Right click on the folder.
Click on the rename option.
New you can give another name to it.
OR
Press F2 from keyboard to rename the folder.
3. To Copy and Paste the Folder:
Right click on the folder.
Click on the Copy option.
Now your can Paste this Folder anywhere you like.
4. To Cut and Paste a Folder:
Right click of the folder.
Click on the Cut option.
Now paste this folder in another location, where you want to place it.
5. To Drag a File or Folder:
Click on the File and Folder.
Press and hold left mouse Button and move it.
Now leave the mouse button.
6. To Delete a File and Folder:
Right click on the File or Folder.
Click on the Delete option
The selected File or Folder will be deleted.
7. Keyboard Short Cut Keys:
Press Ctrl+X to Cut a Folder.
Press Ctrl+C to Copy a Folder.
Press Ctrl+V to Paste a Folder.
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Folder: Collection of files and /or folders is called folder.
Drive: A storage medium in which data may be organized and maintained in the form of files and folders.
1. To create New Folder:
Right click on the Desktop empty area Or The drive in which you want to create new Folder.
Select the new option and then click on the folder option.
Give the name to this new folder.
2. To rename the Folder:
Right click on the folder.
Click on the rename option.
New you can give another name to it.
OR
Press F2 from keyboard to rename the folder.
3. To Copy and Paste the Folder:
Right click on the folder.
Click on the Copy option.
Now your can Paste this Folder anywhere you like.
4. To Cut and Paste a Folder:
Right click of the folder.
Click on the Cut option.
Now paste this folder in another location, where you want to place it.
5. To Drag a File or Folder:
Click on the File and Folder.
Press and hold left mouse Button and move it.
Now leave the mouse button.
6. To Delete a File and Folder:
Right click on the File or Folder.
Click on the Delete option
The selected File or Folder will be deleted.
7. Keyboard Short Cut Keys:
Press Ctrl+X to Cut a Folder.
Press Ctrl+C to Copy a Folder.
Press Ctrl+V to Paste a Folder.
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Components of a Windows Screen
Following are some basic components of any Windows Screen in Windows operating system.
These are the components:
a) Title Bar: An area at the top of a windows that contains the name of the file or application in the windows.
b) Menu Bar: This is the strip below the Title Bar. The menu bar has the program function organized in menus. For example, when we click on File, the different operations that can performed with files are displayed.
c) Tool Bar: The Tool Bar contains icons to immediately execute some of the most often used commands. These commands can also be executed from the menu Bar.
d) Scroll Bar: The bar on the side (vertical) or bottom (horizontal) of a computer screen window that allows users to navigate up and down (or from side to side) through the window's contents.
e) Status Bar: A horizontal line of information displayed at the bottom of an application window. It reports information about the current state of the program or the data contents in the window. For example, the status bar in an MS Word documents window shows detail about page, section etc.
f) Maximize and Minimize button:
Maximize: The maximize button enlarge the size of the window to the whole screen.
Minimize: The minimize button shrinks the windows it turns it into a bar located in the Windows taskbar.
g) Close Button: The Close button closes the window.
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These are the components:
a) Title Bar: An area at the top of a windows that contains the name of the file or application in the windows.
b) Menu Bar: This is the strip below the Title Bar. The menu bar has the program function organized in menus. For example, when we click on File, the different operations that can performed with files are displayed.
c) Tool Bar: The Tool Bar contains icons to immediately execute some of the most often used commands. These commands can also be executed from the menu Bar.
d) Scroll Bar: The bar on the side (vertical) or bottom (horizontal) of a computer screen window that allows users to navigate up and down (or from side to side) through the window's contents.
e) Status Bar: A horizontal line of information displayed at the bottom of an application window. It reports information about the current state of the program or the data contents in the window. For example, the status bar in an MS Word documents window shows detail about page, section etc.
f) Maximize and Minimize button:
Maximize: The maximize button enlarge the size of the window to the whole screen.
Minimize: The minimize button shrinks the windows it turns it into a bar located in the Windows taskbar.
g) Close Button: The Close button closes the window.
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Working with Windows
We can open any program in Windows operating system using one of the following three ways.
a) Opening a program using Desktop:
We can following steps to open program like MS Word, using desktop. Click on MS Word icon on desktop.Microsoft Word program will be opened. We can use the same step for opening any other program.
b) Opening a program using Start Menu:
We can also use following steps to open a MS Word using start menu.
1. Click on Start Menu.
2. Select Programs option.
3. Select Microsoft Office option.
4. Select Microsoft Office Word option.
Microsoft Word program will be opened. We can use same steps for opening of any other program.
c) Opening a program using Run Command:
We can use following steps to open MS Word using Run Command.
1. Click on the Start Menu.
2. Click on run option.
3. Type the name of file, which you want to open/run. e.g Winword for MS. Word.
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a) Opening a program using Desktop:
We can following steps to open program like MS Word, using desktop. Click on MS Word icon on desktop.Microsoft Word program will be opened. We can use the same step for opening any other program.
b) Opening a program using Start Menu:
We can also use following steps to open a MS Word using start menu.
1. Click on Start Menu.
2. Select Programs option.
3. Select Microsoft Office option.
4. Select Microsoft Office Word option.
Microsoft Word program will be opened. We can use same steps for opening of any other program.
c) Opening a program using Run Command:
We can use following steps to open MS Word using Run Command.
1. Click on the Start Menu.
2. Click on run option.
3. Type the name of file, which you want to open/run. e.g Winword for MS. Word.
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Introduction to Windows
The software / program in computer which is responsible to start and control functionality of computer is called operating system. It acts as a bridge between user and the physical parts of computer. Without an operating system, it is not possible for a computer to work.
Stepping into windows:
MS-Windows is a GUI (Graphical User Interface) operating system. It includes graphical objects such as different types of colored screen called windows and also other objects such as icons, folders, buttons, dialogue boxes etc.
Starting a computer:
To turn the computer on, find its power button from system box and press it.
The starting process of computer is called Booting.
To shut down your computer:
1. Click the Start button. The start menu will appear.
2. Click turn off computer. The turn off computer dialog box will appear.
3. Click the turn off option. Your computer will shut down.
How do I restart my computer:
To shut down and immediately restart your computer:
1. Click on the start button. The start menu will appear.
2. Click on the turn off computer.
3. Click the Restart option. Your computer will be restarted.
Following are the components of Desktop Windows screen.
a) Desktop: After you have started the computer, the area you are looking at is called the desktop.
b) Taskbar start button/ Start menu: Normally at the bottom of the desktop there is a bar called taskbar. The leftmost button on the taskbar is known as start button.
c) Notification area: It is also called the system tray or just tray. This area on the right end of the taskbar contains the clock and several notification icons. For example, a speaker icon lets you view and change the volume level.
d) Desktop icons: An icon is a small picture with a caption (name) that represents a file, folder, or program on your computer. Double-clicking on an icon will open or launch the file, folder, or program. some commonly used desktop icons are:
1. My Computer: My computer icon provides access to the resources of your computer.
2. My Documents: My documents is the name of a special folder on the computer's desktop. It is commonly used to store a user's documents, music, pictures, download, and other files.
3. Recycle Bin: When we delete a file or folder in Windows. Windows sends it to the Recycle Bin. We can restore files or folder that are located in the Recycle Bin or we can permanently delete them.
4. Internet Explorer: The icon Internet Explorer is used to quickly access internet.
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Stepping into windows:
MS-Windows is a GUI (Graphical User Interface) operating system. It includes graphical objects such as different types of colored screen called windows and also other objects such as icons, folders, buttons, dialogue boxes etc.
Starting a computer:
To turn the computer on, find its power button from system box and press it.
The starting process of computer is called Booting.
To shut down your computer:
1. Click the Start button. The start menu will appear.
2. Click turn off computer. The turn off computer dialog box will appear.
3. Click the turn off option. Your computer will shut down.
How do I restart my computer:
To shut down and immediately restart your computer:
1. Click on the start button. The start menu will appear.
2. Click on the turn off computer.
3. Click the Restart option. Your computer will be restarted.
Following are the components of Desktop Windows screen.
a) Desktop: After you have started the computer, the area you are looking at is called the desktop.
b) Taskbar start button/ Start menu: Normally at the bottom of the desktop there is a bar called taskbar. The leftmost button on the taskbar is known as start button.
c) Notification area: It is also called the system tray or just tray. This area on the right end of the taskbar contains the clock and several notification icons. For example, a speaker icon lets you view and change the volume level.
d) Desktop icons: An icon is a small picture with a caption (name) that represents a file, folder, or program on your computer. Double-clicking on an icon will open or launch the file, folder, or program. some commonly used desktop icons are:
1. My Computer: My computer icon provides access to the resources of your computer.
2. My Documents: My documents is the name of a special folder on the computer's desktop. It is commonly used to store a user's documents, music, pictures, download, and other files.
3. Recycle Bin: When we delete a file or folder in Windows. Windows sends it to the Recycle Bin. We can restore files or folder that are located in the Recycle Bin or we can permanently delete them.
4. Internet Explorer: The icon Internet Explorer is used to quickly access internet.
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How a computer works/ Computer working steps
following are the basic operations used for working of a computer.
a) Input operation: The process of receiving data from input devices of computer is called input operation.
b) Processing operation: The process of performing different operations on existing data is called processing operation. e.g when a computer perform addition of two numbers it is called processing.
c) Storage operation: The process to store data / information in storage devices is called storage operation. Storage devices are, floppy disks, hard disks, CD/DVD and flash disks.
d) Output operation: The process to display information on the screen (monitor) or print on paper is called output operation. The output obtained on monitor is called soft copy and the output on the paper is called hard copy using the printer.
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a) Input operation: The process of receiving data from input devices of computer is called input operation.
b) Processing operation: The process of performing different operations on existing data is called processing operation. e.g when a computer perform addition of two numbers it is called processing.
c) Storage operation: The process to store data / information in storage devices is called storage operation. Storage devices are, floppy disks, hard disks, CD/DVD and flash disks.
d) Output operation: The process to display information on the screen (monitor) or print on paper is called output operation. The output obtained on monitor is called soft copy and the output on the paper is called hard copy using the printer.
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Output devices of computer system
The output devices are give the result either in audio or video form.The output devices of computer system are:
1) Monitor: The monitor is an output device which is used to display information. It looks like TV. Monitor are into two types LCD and CRT.
2) Printer: A printer is also a output device , it receive the information to the computer and prints the data on the paper.Or its provide the hard copy.
3) Speaker: It is also a output device, which give the output in the form of audio.
Communication parts: Communication parts are used to communicate each other with the help of modem, fax machine etc.
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1) Monitor: The monitor is an output device which is used to display information. It looks like TV. Monitor are into two types LCD and CRT.
2) Printer: A printer is also a output device , it receive the information to the computer and prints the data on the paper.Or its provide the hard copy.
3) Speaker: It is also a output device, which give the output in the form of audio.
Communication parts: Communication parts are used to communicate each other with the help of modem, fax machine etc.
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Storage devices of computer system
Storage devices are used to store data / information. These are some storage devices.
1) Floppy Disk:
*The floppy have limited capacity of storage.
* These are relatively slow.
* These are less reliable than hard disk.
2) Hard Disk: We can store huge amount of data in one hard disk. e.g we can store large amount, Thousand of books of one library can store in one Hard disk.
3) CD/DVD: Cd/ Dvd is the most popular and the least expensive type of optical disks.
4) Use flash memory: Usb stands for universal serial bus. It is a kind of portable storage device.
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1) Floppy Disk:
*The floppy have limited capacity of storage.
* These are relatively slow.
* These are less reliable than hard disk.
2) Hard Disk: We can store huge amount of data in one hard disk. e.g we can store large amount, Thousand of books of one library can store in one Hard disk.
3) CD/DVD: Cd/ Dvd is the most popular and the least expensive type of optical disks.
4) Use flash memory: Usb stands for universal serial bus. It is a kind of portable storage device.
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Parts of the system unit/ Parts of the Computer system
System unit/ Computer system: It is unit that connects all hardware of computer system inside system unit. System / computer system can be further divided into three sub-units. These are processor, Motherboard or system board and memory.
1) Processor: The processor or central processing unit (CPU) is the 'Brain' of the computer system. It supervises and processes all operations of computer system.
2) Motherboard: The motherboard is one the main components of computer system. All hardware devices are attached directly or indirectly with mobo. The motherboard allows various hardware components to transfer data/ information to each other.
3) Memory: Memory is used to store. There are tow types of primary memory.
RAM(Random Access Memory)
ROM(Read Only Memory)
a) Ram (random access memory): It is read only memory. Ram is known a volatile memory because and information stored into it is finished when computer is switched off.
b) Rom (read only memory): A read only memory is one in which information is stored permanently. When computer is switched off, the information inside the Rom is not lost and hence it is also called a non-volatile memory. Rom is fixed on motherboard of computer system.
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1) Processor: The processor or central processing unit (CPU) is the 'Brain' of the computer system. It supervises and processes all operations of computer system.
2) Motherboard: The motherboard is one the main components of computer system. All hardware devices are attached directly or indirectly with mobo. The motherboard allows various hardware components to transfer data/ information to each other.
3) Memory: Memory is used to store. There are tow types of primary memory.
RAM(Random Access Memory)
ROM(Read Only Memory)
a) Ram (random access memory): It is read only memory. Ram is known a volatile memory because and information stored into it is finished when computer is switched off.
b) Rom (read only memory): A read only memory is one in which information is stored permanently. When computer is switched off, the information inside the Rom is not lost and hence it is also called a non-volatile memory. Rom is fixed on motherboard of computer system.
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Input devices of computer
1) Keyboard: It is an input device which contains several keys. some properties of keyboard are:
* It is common input device.
*It convert letter into electronic signals.
*Its shape is like typewriter.
* It consist of number keys, alphabetic keys,function keys and special function keys.
2) Mouse: Mouse is a pointing input device. Some properties of mouse are:
* It is quick input device.
* It contains two or three buttons.
*It also has a scroll button.
3) Scanner: Scanner is a device used to feed picture to the computer. Some properties of scanner are:
* It is like photocopier machine in shape.
* It is capable of recognition of character and picture.
* It uses laser beam.
4) Microphone: A microphone is a device which allows you to record sounds and saves them into computer. Microphones can also be used with other application such as a voice dictation program or a voice conference program.
5) Digital Camera: A digital camera is used to take pictures/videos and then stores these into computer memory or memory card.
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* It is common input device.
*It convert letter into electronic signals.
*Its shape is like typewriter.
* It consist of number keys, alphabetic keys,function keys and special function keys.
2) Mouse: Mouse is a pointing input device. Some properties of mouse are:
* It is quick input device.
* It contains two or three buttons.
*It also has a scroll button.
3) Scanner: Scanner is a device used to feed picture to the computer. Some properties of scanner are:
* It is like photocopier machine in shape.
* It is capable of recognition of character and picture.
* It uses laser beam.
4) Microphone: A microphone is a device which allows you to record sounds and saves them into computer. Microphones can also be used with other application such as a voice dictation program or a voice conference program.
5) Digital Camera: A digital camera is used to take pictures/videos and then stores these into computer memory or memory card.
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Difference between hardware and software
Hardware: All physical parts of computer are called hardware.e.g hard disk
Software: Logical parts of computer are software.e.g MS windows
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Software: Logical parts of computer are software.e.g MS windows
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Applications of computers
Computers are used in a different fields in life. Some of the fields are:
a) Computer is offices: In many offices computer is used for word processing. Computers are used in the place of typewriters.
b) Computer in Banks: Banks keep most of their record and data in computers.
c) Medicine and Health Care:In the health care industry, computers are very useful
d) Computer in Business: Commercial business can not be run without the use of computer now a days.
e) Computer in Education: Computers are playing very important role in the education. It is being used in school, colleges and universities for education purposes.
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a) Computer is offices: In many offices computer is used for word processing. Computers are used in the place of typewriters.
b) Computer in Banks: Banks keep most of their record and data in computers.
c) Medicine and Health Care:In the health care industry, computers are very useful
d) Computer in Business: Commercial business can not be run without the use of computer now a days.
e) Computer in Education: Computers are playing very important role in the education. It is being used in school, colleges and universities for education purposes.
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Features of Computers System
A computer may have following features:-
a) Speed: Computer system is a device, which can perform operations at a very very high speed/time. For example if we give instruction the computer system to multiply following tow numbers 33434x983498 then it will produce the result within second.
b) Storage: A computer system can store a very huge amount of data in the storage devices of computer. E.g we can store the data about thousands of books in a CD(SD).
c) Reliability: Computer system is a reliable device. It always gives corrects output when an error free data or command is given.
d) Accuracy: Computer system is a device/machine which produces accurate/meaning full results.
Posted By: Wasim Javed
a) Speed: Computer system is a device, which can perform operations at a very very high speed/time. For example if we give instruction the computer system to multiply following tow numbers 33434x983498 then it will produce the result within second.
b) Storage: A computer system can store a very huge amount of data in the storage devices of computer. E.g we can store the data about thousands of books in a CD(SD).
c) Reliability: Computer system is a reliable device. It always gives corrects output when an error free data or command is given.
d) Accuracy: Computer system is a device/machine which produces accurate/meaning full results.
Posted By: Wasim Javed
Introduction to computer
Introduction:
Computer education is among one of the most demanding fields in technical education. Using computer we can perform any task in a very speedy and accurate way. To use the computer we should first understand the basic components of computer and their working,
Definition of Computer:
"Computer is an electronic device which accepts data, internally store, processes, and give the meaning full result."
Data and Information:
"The collection of facts and figure is called data". Data is the plural of Datum and it is a Latin word.
Types of Data:
There are three types of data.
Alphabetic Data:
The data that is in alphabetic form is called alphabetic data. For example : a to z or A to Z.
Numeric Data:
The data that is in the form of numbers is called Numeric data. For example: 0 to 9.
Alphanumeric Data:
The data, which consist of both Alphabets and Numbers, are called alphanumeric data. For example H.No.784, F12 etc.
Posted by: Wasim Javed
Computer education is among one of the most demanding fields in technical education. Using computer we can perform any task in a very speedy and accurate way. To use the computer we should first understand the basic components of computer and their working,
Definition of Computer:
"Computer is an electronic device which accepts data, internally store, processes, and give the meaning full result."
Data and Information:
"The collection of facts and figure is called data". Data is the plural of Datum and it is a Latin word.
Types of Data:
There are three types of data.
Alphabetic Data:
The data that is in alphabetic form is called alphabetic data. For example : a to z or A to Z.
Numeric Data:
The data that is in the form of numbers is called Numeric data. For example: 0 to 9.
Alphanumeric Data:
The data, which consist of both Alphabets and Numbers, are called alphanumeric data. For example H.No.784, F12 etc.
Posted by: Wasim Javed
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