History of blood

Blood ... Even in ancient times knew that it is the bearer of life. Once we believed that with the help of fresh blood can not only heal, but also to rejuvenate man. The hero of Homer's Odyssey to regain speech and mind the shadows of the underworld, and gave them blood to drink.

This dream reflected in the poem "Metamorphoses" Publius Ovid Naso, the Roman poet, who was born in 43 BC. e. One of the heroines (sorceress Medea) proposed rejuvenate Pelias elder infusion of young blood:

What then, cowards, you are waiting for?

Remove swords he says.

And the old blood emit,

So I could fill veins yunoyu blood.

The great doctor of antiquity, Hippocrates recommended drinking the blood of seriously ill, resulting from healthy people. In ancient Rome the patricians, to rejuvenate, drank the blood of the dying gladiator.

In mid-century attempts to treat the blood continued. Preserved evidence that in the XV century with the purpose of saving the life of Pope Innocent VIII was prepared medicine from blood of three boys. However, this "elixir of life" does not help the dying.

In 1540, Spanish physician Michael Servetus in one of his books described the pulmonary circulation in which blood is exempt from harmful substances in the breathing process and becomes bright red. This was an important discovery

Thieme, as doctors have learned about the movement of blood in the vessels of the human body. But for autopsies (which was strictly forbidden to the church), he was accused of heresy in 1553 and burned at the stake.

After 75 years after the death of Servetus English scientist William Harvey published his "Anatomical studies of the motion of the blood of animals." Harvey showed that by using the right ventricular blood moves into the lungs, through the left and - adjudged to distant parts of the body. After autopsies of people, William Harvey came to the conclusion that the constant blood circulation caused by pulsation of the heart.

In 1666 in London scientist, anatomist and physiologist Richard Lower injected into the veins of dogs, wine, beer, milk. Dogs survived. After that he decided to transfuse blood from one dog another. In the summer of 1666 Lower done the following experiment. At first he bled pooch. When the dog is almost no signs of life, he opened artery in Lower bound near a large dog, and poured his blood test animal. A few hours later revived pooch. It was the first successful blood transfusion in the experiment.

The success inspired the scientist. But before you decide to speak at the Royal Society in London, Lower made several such experiments.

In its report, recommended that the Lower blood transfusion and some fluids to people, which caused great interest among physicians in London. However, scientists at that time had no idea of the actual impact on the body of blood transfused. This role is presented to them in different ways. Not surprisingly, among others, there were some questions as to the not whether blood transfusions from the timid dogs make a bold timid dog? Do not forget the dog after surgery skills that she knew before transfusion? Do not be an old dog by transfusion

young blood to do? ..

English physician Samuel Pipa in 1667 decided to pour the blood of man, and used as a donor sheep. The blood of humans and animals at the time considered to be equivalent - in fact it did not differ in appearance. Those wishing to undergo such an operation was not long. Finally pips managed to find a volunteer, it is demanded for 20 shillings. The result of the experience is unknown to us.

Lowery learned about the experiments in France.

The first in the history of successful transfusion medicine the patient was made June 15, 1667 in Paris, Jacques-Baptiste Denis, a professor of philosophy and mathematics, later became a professor of medicine. After preliminary experiments on animals, he and the surgeon Efferezom poured weakened bloodletting

sixteen patient 9 ounces (about 250 ml) of blood lamb. As a result, come quickly improve the health of the youth, and he recovered.

However, following a blood transfusion, which did Denis, it was not as successful. A recent blood transfusion from a calf mentally ill and did Anton Morua ended badly. The patient died. His wife filed a lawsuit against Denis.

The process was made public, and the French Parliament on the recommendation of the doctors University of Paris forbade the operation. One of the opponents of the methods of blood transfusion quite seriously wrote on this subject: "cow blood transfused into the veins of a man can tell him all the features peculiar beast - stupidity and bestial tendencies."

By extant data, in the XVII century in France, England, Italy and Germany had made a total of 20 blood transfusions from animals to sick people. Most of them were unsuccessful, and some have ended tragically. Causes of failures, pursuing doctors of the time, is now well understood: the blood of humans and animals is incompatible.

Seeing the negative results of a blood transfusion, doctors have abandoned this method of treatment, and more than 150 years, no one has renewed attempts. However, the idea was not

forgotten.

First blood transfusion from one person was made in 1819 by London professor of obstetrics and gynecology Blendelem. He proposed for the operation a special apparatus. After 6 years Blendel made transfusion of women who die from bleeding after childbirth. The operation ended with the recovery of patients. The method has been described in the press, and they are interested in many doctors.

However, subsequent blood transfusion in 11 patients were not so successful, there were cases of severe complications. What was the case here, Blendel and did not understand.

But being an outstanding figure clearly, he brought some

laws. So he said that after the first infusion units of blood occurred in some patients worry. Intuition told him to stop in these cases, blood transfusions and match from other donors.

Lost faith in the method of blood transfusions, doctors began searching for ways to replace the blood. In 1832, the London cholera epidemic broke out. When cholera was observed

rapid dehydration, and Latvia have London physician

she decided to enter the patient intravenous saline solution. "Blood has a salty taste, - he reasoned Latta - apparently it is present salt. Since cholera person loses a lot of fluid and his blood becomes thick and bloodletting not only do not help, and worsen the patient's condition, it needs to saline. " The infusion has had a magical effect: the patient

I began to recover.

More than 100 years ago, our compatriot Dr.

Orlovsky was called to a patient who has lost a lot

Krop. Nrnch nlil affected intravenous solution Chloe Riot-nitrile, and the patient who has recently found-III and semiconscious state, he came to life right before your eyes.

We started to use an infusion of saline fluid loss of blood and other doctors. But it turned out that the salt solutions have an effect only with a small loss of blood. How can this be explained? As a result of blood loss, there is a drop in blood pressure, which immediately affects the heart. After intravenous administration of saline fluids bloodstream is filled, the pressure in the vessels increases.

But if the blood loss is large, the infusion of saline solution is useless, since no solutions can not replace erythrocytes - oxygen carriers.

In the spring of 1832 known Petersburg obstetrician Wolfe read in English magazine about the machine Blendelya for blood transfusions. Wolf has acquired such a device. When he was invited to a woman 35 years old, was bleeding after the birth, he decided to use this machine. He said the bewildered husband that the only chance to save the wife - to share it with their blood. Using a syringe Wolf began to pump blood from the donor (the husband) into a vein dying. 15 minutes later she opened her eyes and shuddered. So was the first in the Russian operation of blood transfusion, which lasted about an hour.

While neither Dr. Wolf, and nobody in the world did not know that the blood of the people is not the same in its properties. The reason for the failure, then Wolf wrote, "is a mystery, like squaring the circle."

In 1674, the Dutch naturalist Anton van Leeuwenhoek first saw with the help of a homemade device (lenses that provide 150 ~ 300-fold increase), moving the microorganisms in the muddy lake water and in dental plaque. Treatment

venguk created a device - microscope, with which in 1673 he first observed the first sketched red blood cells. Since then, thousands of scientists have investigated open Leven-

Hooke amazing cells. Research continues

to this day. Modern scientists examined erythrocytes much better setting their biconcave shape.

The shape and size of red blood cells are very important. Their variation leads to severe disease, which we'll talk.

The science of blood - Hematology - has come a long and difficult path of development, but the main achievements in this area have accumulated in the last 10-15 years.

They are associated with the development of exact sciences, especially chemistry and physics, the synthesis of new medicines.

Blood liquid fabric constituting the body, is continuously circulated in the circulatory system of humans and animals, penetrates all organs and tissue composed of plasma and suspended therein formed elements. Transports substances in the body provides the vital activity of cells and tissues, and performs various physiological functions, and performs

safety, regulatory, and others. function. The man practically consists of one water (if it "dry", it remains only 5 kg of dry substance). Water in the brain - 77%; in the heart of - 71%; lung - 71%; liver - 75%; in spleen - 77%; muscle - 83%; 'Cells - 83%. Along with the major life ducts (arteries and veins), the body permeate streams blood and lymphatic capillaries with a diameter of 6 to 30 microns. If the substance is 5 kg person (micelles in the cytoplasm size is 5 ppm millimeter) decomposed on the surface, they will occupy 2 000 000 m2, and the length of capillary blood only be 100 000 km! The lymph capillaries - about 200 000 km! The surface of the expanded blood (plasma + blood cells) is 6 000 m2 of lymph - 2 000 m2.

Our health depends on what and how the blood flows through the capillaries.

Blood is a viscous liquid with large

than water specific weight. Exchange of fluid between the tissue and the blood depends on the osmotic pressure.

Eeyore all fluid spaces of the body after the blood lymph mplyaptsya the smallest, but it is performed

nyaet most important functions of regulating the composition of the other

spaces, blood pressure, venous return and cardiac output.

Whole blood consists of the liquid portion (plasma) containing a salt and a number of other components, and formed elements, or blood cells. The latter include red blood cells (erythrocytes) and white blood cells (leukocytes). The share of formed elements account for about 45% of total blood volume, and the remaining 55% of the plasma. The main components include plasma Na +, K +, P,

Ca2 +, glucose, and proteins - albumin, globulin and fibrinogen, is 6-7% of the plasma volume. Fibrinogen

participates in blood coagulation. Albumin and globulins are high molecular weight compounds, practically do not pass through a semi-permeable wall of the capillaries, so that they contribute to the maintenance of osmotic pressure in the bloodstream. This prevents excess fluid exit into the extracellular space and is one of the mechanisms for maintaining water balance between blood and tissues.

Since the content of albumin in the blood is almost twice

more than globulin (A / G), they play an important role in maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood, as well as plasma-borne binding substances - drugs, vitamins, hormones and pigments. Globulins are the same antibodies and other protective factors organism. Plasma proteins also serve as buffers, adjusting shifts the acid-base balance (pH) of the blood.

Important components of the blood and tissue are many electrolytes - Ca, K, Ca and P, plays a significant role in the emergence of bioelectric phenomena.

Also special functions performed 'erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes, which will be mentioned further, the blood is important in the absorption process and the transfer of nutrients from the digestive tract to the tissues; gas transfer from the lungs to the tissues and vice versa. C

Delivery carried out by means of blood circulation to the tissues of oxygen, water, salt and removing carbon dioxide from the tissues; removal of metabolites; transport of hormones; Regulation of water balance tissue pH and body temperature; antibodies and other substances involved in fighting infection. Circulation ensures the formation of energy in each cell (ATP), via which the life of the human body.

Posted By: Wasim Javed

Introduction

There are many different theories, including the theory of a separate food and vegetarian, the theory of supply, taking into account the blood group.

But health and longevity depend also on a variety of factors: the proper development of the forms and functions of the human body, the relationship of these functions, terms of reactions to external and internal environment, from the body of the physical immunity, constitution, temperament, and more. Human physiological capabilities reflect the disease is incredibly large and flexible. All of us can have a strong emotional resistance to disease. People who believe that they are "too busy to even match," tend to have higher than average health, while those who are too concerned about their disease, more likely to be their victim.

The main factor regarding the ideal health is that the person must strive for it. Consciousness has a strong influence on the body, and the liberation from the disease depends on whether we enter into contact with his own mind, let it be in the balance, and then let it balance worldwide. This state of consciousness balanced raises our health a notch, more and better than any immunity.

Today there are many power systems offered by different scientists and naturopaths, and theories about the structure and composition of the necessary daily intake. However, their range is very wide: the so-called "bread of life unemployed"  with lots of animal protein, widely accepted today, "normal diet" in the West and known in the circles of naturopaths "full diet" advocated and practiced to units almost raw vegetable diet. All these theories are justified, and sanative or preserving health effects of each type of diet is illustrated with many examples.

With all the differences of scientific perspectives found one thing in common - every scientist argues that his diet not only supports livelihoods, but also returns the vast majority of people lost health. I call these the authors of scientific monographs as Lutz ("Life without bread"), Bircher-Wenner, Uernard, Valby ("Separate food for Haye"), Suvorin ("On fasting"), G. Shel tone G. Shatalov ( "Healing Power") and others.

All of them consider their diet heals, preventing diseases, curative. Just a normal, usual alopatiya does not put forward with respect to the type of food she advocated the idea that this type has a healthy effect, and only said that he supports health. A large number of theories of power not only help prevent the disease, as confusing an objective observer.

Seeing the large number of patients to adhere strictly to one theory, it reveals that one or another of these patients do extremely lucky with the appropriate diet. However, most patients who strictly adhere to certain nutritional advice, do not have with them a good result. On the other hand, complained about the food intolerance, bloating, diarrhea, excessive weight loss and more.

After I experienced the different modes of supply, I came to the conclusion that all theories that are in our naturopathy lies misleading. All of these theories are true only to a certain extent, but not for everyone and not for the vast majority of people. This applies to the "power without bread," and "raw food" and other diets.

On the other hand, seeing the power of the rural population, I can say that there the diet contains much less vital substances than required by conventional medicine. Namely, this diet has almost no raw food includes only cooked foods, many animal proteins, carbohydrates in purified form high quality flour, an excess amount of fat.

After a long search I found the answers to your question in this regard, Hippocrates, who is still two and a half thousand years ago believed that food itself can not maintain health, you also need a lot of movement.

If we compare these two thesis, namely that by means known in naturopathy power systems in most diseases of recovery does not occur, and sometimes even deteriorates, and on the other hand, that with the help of seemingly malnutrition with considerable physical effort is supported by a fairly good health, you have to admit that for the health requires more than just healthy eating. Furthermore, it appears that this power must be rebuilt with certain positions, to thereby maintain or restore health.

Recently it became a sensation the work of American scientists have put forward a theory which states that if you use the 30-day vegetarian menu (Peter D'Adamo, Catherine Whitney), separate power supply (Christopher J.. Hammond) individually, based on blood group, it can be effectively cope with stress, emotional balance to achieve as much as possible to improve their health, to overcome the disease and prolong life.

We investigate some of the power supply system, including the theory of health depending on the choice of the diet according to blood group. To do this, acquaint the reader with the necessary concepts such as "blood", "blood", with elements of the blood will tell you how important it is in the human body.

Posted By: Wasim Javed

universal truth sentences

1. He said, "the earth revolves round the sun".
He said that the earth revolves round the sun.
2. He said,"The sun rises in the east".
He said that the sun rises in the east.
3. He said," God in one".
He said that God in one.
4. He said,"Two and two make four".
He said that two and two make four.
5. Hussain said," I smoke two cigarettes daily".
Hussain said that he smokes two cigarettes daily.
6. She said,"Honesty is the best policty".
She said that honesty is the best policy.
7. She said,"Might is right".
She said that might is right.

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Assertive Sentences

1. Hamid says to, "I play football daily".
Hamid tell me that he plays football daily.
2. He will say to me, "You are a liar".
He will tell me that I am a liar.
3. Nasir says,"I want this book".
Nasir says that he wants that book.
4. He said to, "I am fine today".
He told me that he was fine that day.
5. You said to her, "My father lives in Lahore".
You told her that your father lived in Lahore.
6. He said to her,"Our teachers are on strike".
He told her that their teachers were on strike.
7. I said to her,"I have composed a poem".
I told her that I had composed a poem.
8. Sami said,"I have playing for 2 hours".
Sami said that he had been played for 2 hours.
9.She said to me, "I can solve this problem".
She told me that she could solve that problem.
10. They said to me, "We shall see you in the market".
They told me that they would see me in the market.
11. She said to her, " I shall be leaving for Lahore tomorrow".
She told her that she would be leaving for Lahore the next day.
12. You said,"They will done this work".
You said that they would have done that work.
13. He said his friend,"Yesterday was a holiday".
He told his friend that the previous day had been a holiday.

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Direct and indirect narration

Direct and indirect narration

1. Change in person or pronoun:
1. He says,"I am going to school"
He says that he is going to school.
2. She says to me,"You are lazy".
She says to me that i am lazy.
3. He says to me, "She is a student".
He says to me that she is a student.
2. Change in tense of verb:
1. He says to me, "I live in Peshawar".
He says to me that he lives in Peshawar.
2. Kamal will say,"I am fine".
Kamal will say that he is fine.
3. Omer said,"I am ill".
Omer said that he was ill.
3. Change in certain words:

(Direct Narration)	(Change into)	(Indirect Narration)
This	//	That
These	//	Those
Here	//	There
Hence	//	Thence
Now	//	Then
Thus	//	So
Ago	//	Before
Today	//	That day
Tomorrow	//	The next day
Yesterday	//	The previous day
The next day	//	The following day
Last night	//	The previous night

 
Posted By: Wasim Javed

Parts of Speech or Types of Speech in detail with examples

English words are divided into eight kinds which ware called parts / types of speech

(1) Noun                       (2) Pronoun                          (3)  Adjective                    (4) Verb

(5) Adverb                    (6) Preposition                      (7) Conjunction                 (8)Interjection 

(1) Noun:

               A noun is a word used for giving a name to some person, place of thing. For example;

Suleman, Dera Ismail Khan, Book, Happiness etc.

Noun are classified as under:

a) Common Noun:

               A common noun is a noun that denotes (indicates) a general or common person or thing; e.g. table, city,book,man, boy etc.

I bought a book.

b) Proper Noun:

               A proper noun is a noun that denotes one particular person or thing as distinct from every other; as Muhammad Ali, Peshawar, The Holy Quran.

I recite the Holy Quran daily.

c) Collective Noun:

               A collective noun is the name of a number of persons or things taken together and spoken of as a whole; as, crowd, army, team, flock, jury, class, police, family, party, fleet, nation, parliament, committee etc.

Our team won the match.

d) Abstract Noun:

                An abstract noun is usually the name of a quality, action or state; e.g. love, kindness, darkness, honesty, joy etc.(quality)

revenge, theft, hatred, judgement etc. (action)

sleep, slavery, sickness, death, poverty, etc. (state)

Honesty is the best policy.

He swore to take revenge on his enemy.

e) Material Noun:

               A material noun denotes a substance of which things are made; e.g. iron, gold, silver, paper, water, milk, etc.

Gold is very costly now a days.

 (2) Pronoun:

                A word that is used instead of noun is called a pronoun; as i,you,he,she,they,etc.

some of the common pronouns are:

I, We, You, He, She, They, It, One, Each, Every, Either, Neither, Who, Whose, What, This, That, Myself, Ourselves, Himself etc.

For example:

He reads the poem again and again.

What is the matter?

This s a good book.

One should not waste one's precious time.

Each of the boys wants a prize.

 (3) Adjective:

                  A word that is used  to describe or qualify the meanings of a noun or pronoun is called an adjective; as,

A beautiful flower

A wise man.

An interesting match.

Kinds of Adjectives

                Adjectives can be divided into the following kinds.

 a) Adjectives of quality:

                 Such adjectives tell us about the quality of a person or thing

good, bad, kind, small, large , beautiful, ugly, intelligent etc.

are adjectives of quality.

Example:

You are an Intelligent boy

This is a beautiful watch.

b) Adjectives of quantity:

                 Such adjectives tell us about the quantity of things.

All, some, any, no, much, enough, etc. are adjectives quantity.

Examples:

She solved all questions.

They are giving me some books.

 c) Adjectives of number:

                  Such adjectives tell us about the number of things or persons.

one, two, third, some, any, few etc. are adjectives number.

Examples:

He bought two pens.

Some students are still there.

 d) Demonstrative adjectives:

                    Such adjectives point out towards place or thing.

This, that, these, those, such are the demonstrative adjectives.

Examples:

This is your book.

Those are naughty students.

e) Interrogative adjectives:

                     Such adjectives are used with noun s or pronoun to ask questions.

what, which, whose, are the interrogative adjectives.

Examples:

Which book is yours?

Whose pen is this?

 f) Distributive adjectives:

                      Such adjectives refer to each and every person or thing.

Each, every, both, either, neither, none, etc. are distributive adjectives.

Each student will have his share.

Both boys are going to school.

g) Possessive adjectives:

                       Those adjectives which show possession are known as possessive adjectives.

my, our, your, his, her, their are possessive adjectives.

Examples:

My Shoes are new.

His mother is a teacher.

h) Proper adjectives:

                       Those adjectives which are derived form proper nouns are called proper adjectives.

Pakistani, Chinese, Indian, America etc. are the proper adjectives.

Examples:

He is wearing Pakistani dress.

Chinese manufactures are very popular in the world.

(4) Verb:

                         A word that talks something about the activity of a person or thing is called a verb. e.g.

Anwar writes, she cooks, they laugh

Auxiliary verbs:

                          Auxiliary verbs are commonly known as helping verbs. There are two types of auxiliary verbs.

1. Primary auxiliary verbs

2. Modal auxiliary verbs.

Primary auxiliary verbs:

                           They are: is, am, are, was, were, do, does, did, has, have and had. They can be used as main verbs as well as auxiliary verbs. e.g.

I have a house. (main verb).

I have bought a car. (auxiliary verb)

They do their work well (main verb)

I do not buy a car.(auxiliary verb)

Modal auxiliary verbs:

                             Modal auxiliary verbs are used with another verbs to lend special meanings or moods to the sentence. They are shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might , must, ought to, used to and dare.

(5) Adverb:

                          An adverb is a word that qualifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a proposition or a conjunction as,

He runs fast.

This is very beautiful watch.

Our teacher writes quite clearly.

The stone fell exactly over his head.
She is arrogant simply because she is rich.

Kind of Adverbs:

                           Adverbs are divided into different kinds according  to their functions.

a) Adverbs of time:

                            Adverbs of time are answers to the question "when" e.g.

Q. When did you arrive?

A. I arrived early.

Adverbs of time are:

Early, late, always, ever, never, after, already, afterwards, today, tomorrow, yesterday, soon, ago, once, since, next frequently, presently, etc.

b) Adverbs of place or position:

                             Adverbs of place are answers to the questions "where" e.g

Q. Where were you standing?

A. I was standing outside.

Adverbs of place are:

Here, there, down, below, above, under, by, outside, inside, within, near, away, far, out, in, etc.

c) Adverbs of manner:

                              Adverbs of manner are answers to the question"how" or "In what manner" e.g.

Q. How did he play?

A. He played well.

Adverbs of manner are: Happily, quickly, bravely, loudly, neatly, badly, fast, well etc.

d) Adverbs of frequency or number:

                             Adverbs of frequency or number are answers to the question "how often" e.g.

Q. How often have you forbidden him?

A. I have forbidden him twice.

Adverbs of frequency are:

Once, twice, seldom, occasionally, always, never, often, etc.

e) Adverbs of degree or quantity:

                             Adverbs of degree or quantity are answers to question "how much", or "to what extent"e.g.

Q. How much did he eat?

A. He ate a lot.

Adverbs of degree are

Much,very, more, most, too, enough, less, a lot, fairly, rather, quite, almost, complete, etc.

f) Adverbs of reason or cause:

                              Adverbs of reasons or cause are answers to questions "why" e.g.

Q. Why did he take medicine?

A. He took medicine because he was ill.

The adverbs of reason are:

Therefore, consequently, because, hence, etc.

(6) Preposition:
                             Preposition is a word used before a noun of a pronoun to shows its relation with another person or thing; as,

I placed my book on the table.

There is a man in the garden.

Kinds of prepositions:

                             The preposition are mainly of two kinds.

1. Single word preposition                         2. Complex preposition

(1) Single word prepositions:

                             Single word preposition consists of one word only. Some of the commonly used single word preposition are:

About       Before       For       On             Towards

Above      Beneath     Form    Opposite     Under

(2) Complex preposition:

                               The preposition are made by joining two words or two simple prepositions.

Some of the commonly used commonly used complex word prepositions are:

According to           For the sake off        In view of

Along with               In comparison          On account of


(7) Conjunction:

                          A word used for joining one word to another, or one sentence to another sentence is called a conjunction; e.g.

Ali and Najib are close friends.

Some of the commonly used conjunction are:

And, as, if, as, well, as, but, consequently, for, hence, however, nevertheless, so, than, then, therefore, though, unless, until, when, whereas, while etc.

(8) Interjection:

                          A word or phrase in a sentence that expresses some feeling of the mind is called an interjection. For example.

Hurrah! I have found my watch.

Alas! We have lost the match.
Some of the very commonly used interjections are:
Alas, Bravo, Good heavens, Hallo, Hurrah, Hush, My God, O God, Oh, What, What a, Well done etc.


Posted By: Wasim Javed