This dream reflected in the poem "Metamorphoses" Publius Ovid Naso, the Roman poet, who was born in 43 BC. e. One of the heroines (sorceress Medea) proposed rejuvenate Pelias elder infusion of young blood:
What then, cowards, you are waiting for?
Remove swords he says.
And the old blood emit,
So I could fill veins yunoyu blood.
The great doctor of antiquity, Hippocrates recommended drinking the blood of seriously ill, resulting from healthy people. In ancient Rome the patricians, to rejuvenate, drank the blood of the dying gladiator.
In mid-century attempts to treat the blood continued. Preserved evidence that in the XV century with the purpose of saving the life of Pope Innocent VIII was prepared medicine from blood of three boys. However, this "elixir of life" does not help the dying.
In 1540, Spanish physician Michael Servetus in one of his books described the pulmonary circulation in which blood is exempt from harmful substances in the breathing process and becomes bright red. This was an important discovery
Thieme, as doctors have learned about the movement of blood in the vessels of the human body. But for autopsies (which was strictly forbidden to the church), he was accused of heresy in 1553 and burned at the stake.
After 75 years after the death of Servetus English scientist William Harvey published his "Anatomical studies of the motion of the blood of animals." Harvey showed that by using the right ventricular blood moves into the lungs, through the left and - adjudged to distant parts of the body. After autopsies of people, William Harvey came to the conclusion that the constant blood circulation caused by pulsation of the heart.
In 1666 in London scientist, anatomist and physiologist Richard Lower injected into the veins of dogs, wine, beer, milk. Dogs survived. After that he decided to transfuse blood from one dog another. In the summer of 1666 Lower done the following experiment. At first he bled pooch. When the dog is almost no signs of life, he opened artery in Lower bound near a large dog, and poured his blood test animal. A few hours later revived pooch. It was the first successful blood transfusion in the experiment.
The success inspired the scientist. But before you decide to speak at the Royal Society in London, Lower made several such experiments.
In its report, recommended that the Lower blood transfusion and some fluids to people, which caused great interest among physicians in London. However, scientists at that time had no idea of the actual impact on the body of blood transfused. This role is presented to them in different ways. Not surprisingly, among others, there were some questions as to the not whether blood transfusions from the timid dogs make a bold timid dog? Do not forget the dog after surgery skills that she knew before transfusion? Do not be an old dog by transfusion
young blood to do? ..
English physician Samuel Pipa in 1667 decided to pour the blood of man, and used as a donor sheep. The blood of humans and animals at the time considered to be equivalent - in fact it did not differ in appearance. Those wishing to undergo such an operation was not long. Finally pips managed to find a volunteer, it is demanded for 20 shillings. The result of the experience is unknown to us.
Lowery learned about the experiments in France.
The first in the history of successful transfusion medicine the patient was made June 15, 1667 in Paris, Jacques-Baptiste Denis, a professor of philosophy and mathematics, later became a professor of medicine. After preliminary experiments on animals, he and the surgeon Efferezom poured weakened bloodletting
sixteen patient 9 ounces (about 250 ml) of blood lamb. As a result, come quickly improve the health of the youth, and he recovered.
However, following a blood transfusion, which did Denis, it was not as successful. A recent blood transfusion from a calf mentally ill and did Anton Morua ended badly. The patient died. His wife filed a lawsuit against Denis.
The process was made public, and the French Parliament on the recommendation of the doctors University of Paris forbade the operation. One of the opponents of the methods of blood transfusion quite seriously wrote on this subject: "cow blood transfused into the veins of a man can tell him all the features peculiar beast - stupidity and bestial tendencies."
By extant data, in the XVII century in France, England, Italy and Germany had made a total of 20 blood transfusions from animals to sick people. Most of them were unsuccessful, and some have ended tragically. Causes of failures, pursuing doctors of the time, is now well understood: the blood of humans and animals is incompatible.
Seeing the negative results of a blood transfusion, doctors have abandoned this method of treatment, and more than 150 years, no one has renewed attempts. However, the idea was not
forgotten.
First blood transfusion from one person was made in 1819 by London professor of obstetrics and gynecology Blendelem. He proposed for the operation a special apparatus. After 6 years Blendel made transfusion of women who die from bleeding after childbirth. The operation ended with the recovery of patients. The method has been described in the press, and they are interested in many doctors.
However, subsequent blood transfusion in 11 patients were not so successful, there were cases of severe complications. What was the case here, Blendel and did not understand.
But being an outstanding figure clearly, he brought some
laws. So he said that after the first infusion units of blood occurred in some patients worry. Intuition told him to stop in these cases, blood transfusions and match from other donors.
Lost faith in the method of blood transfusions, doctors began searching for ways to replace the blood. In 1832, the London cholera epidemic broke out. When cholera was observed
rapid dehydration, and Latvia have London physician
she decided to enter the patient intravenous saline solution. "Blood has a salty taste, - he reasoned Latta - apparently it is present salt. Since cholera person loses a lot of fluid and his blood becomes thick and bloodletting not only do not help, and worsen the patient's condition, it needs to saline. " The infusion has had a magical effect: the patient
I began to recover.
More than 100 years ago, our compatriot Dr.
Orlovsky was called to a patient who has lost a lot
Krop. Nrnch nlil affected intravenous solution Chloe
Riot-nitrile, and the patient who has recently found-III and semiconscious
state, he came to life right before your eyes.
We started to use an infusion of saline fluid loss of blood
and other doctors. But it turned out that the salt solutions have an effect
only with a small loss of blood. How can this be explained? As a result of
blood loss, there is a drop in blood pressure, which immediately affects the
heart. After intravenous administration of saline fluids bloodstream is filled,
the pressure in the vessels increases.
But if the blood loss is large, the infusion of saline
solution is useless, since no solutions can not replace erythrocytes - oxygen
carriers.
In the spring of 1832 known Petersburg obstetrician Wolfe
read in English magazine about the machine Blendelya for blood transfusions.
Wolf has acquired such a device. When he was invited to a woman 35 years old,
was bleeding after the birth, he decided to use this machine. He said the
bewildered husband that the only chance to save the wife - to share it with
their blood. Using a syringe Wolf began to pump blood from the donor (the
husband) into a vein dying. 15 minutes later she opened her eyes and shuddered.
So was the first in the Russian operation of blood transfusion, which lasted
about an hour.
While neither Dr. Wolf, and nobody in the world did not know
that the blood of the people is not the same in its properties. The reason for
the failure, then Wolf wrote, "is a mystery, like squaring the
circle."
In 1674, the Dutch naturalist Anton van Leeuwenhoek first
saw with the help of a homemade device (lenses that provide 150 ~ 300-fold
increase), moving the microorganisms in the muddy lake water and in dental
plaque. Treatment
venguk created a device - microscope, with which in 1673 he
first observed the first sketched red blood cells. Since then, thousands of
scientists have investigated open Leven-
Hooke amazing cells. Research continues
to this day. Modern scientists examined erythrocytes much
better setting their biconcave shape.
The shape and size of red blood cells are very important.
Their variation leads to severe disease, which we'll talk.
The science of blood - Hematology - has come a long and
difficult path of development, but the main achievements in this area have
accumulated in the last 10-15 years.
They are associated with the development of exact sciences,
especially chemistry and physics, the synthesis of new medicines.
Blood liquid fabric constituting the body, is continuously
circulated in the circulatory system of humans and animals, penetrates all
organs and tissue composed of plasma and suspended therein formed elements.
Transports substances in the body provides the vital activity of cells and
tissues, and performs various physiological functions, and performs
safety, regulatory, and others. function. The man
practically consists of one water (if it "dry", it remains only 5 kg
of dry substance). Water in the brain - 77%; in the heart of - 71%; lung - 71%;
liver - 75%; in spleen - 77%; muscle - 83%; 'Cells - 83%. Along with the major
life ducts (arteries and veins), the body permeate streams blood and lymphatic
capillaries with a diameter of 6 to 30 microns. If the substance is 5 kg person
(micelles in the cytoplasm size is 5 ppm millimeter) decomposed on the surface,
they will occupy 2 000 000 m2, and the length of capillary blood only be 100
000 km! The lymph capillaries - about 200 000 km! The surface of the expanded blood
(plasma + blood cells) is 6 000 m2 of lymph - 2 000 m2.
Our health depends on what and how the blood flows through
the capillaries.
Blood is a viscous liquid with large
than water specific weight. Exchange of fluid between the
tissue and the blood depends on the osmotic pressure.
Eeyore all fluid spaces of the body after the blood lymph
mplyaptsya the smallest, but it is performed
nyaet most important functions of regulating the composition
of the other
spaces, blood pressure, venous return and cardiac output.
Whole blood consists of the liquid portion (plasma)
containing a salt and a number of other components, and formed elements, or
blood cells. The latter include red blood cells (erythrocytes) and white blood
cells (leukocytes). The share of formed elements account for about 45% of total
blood volume, and the remaining 55% of the plasma. The main components include
plasma Na +, K +, P,
Ca2 +, glucose, and proteins - albumin, globulin and
fibrinogen, is 6-7% of the plasma volume. Fibrinogen
participates in blood coagulation. Albumin and globulins are
high molecular weight compounds, practically do not pass through a
semi-permeable wall of the capillaries, so that they contribute to the
maintenance of osmotic pressure in the bloodstream. This prevents excess fluid
exit into the extracellular space and is one of the mechanisms for maintaining
water balance between blood and tissues.
Since the content of albumin in the blood is almost twice
more than globulin (A / G), they play an important role in
maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood, as well as plasma-borne binding
substances - drugs, vitamins, hormones and pigments. Globulins are the same
antibodies and other protective factors organism. Plasma proteins also serve as
buffers, adjusting shifts the acid-base balance (pH) of the blood.
Important components of the blood and tissue are many
electrolytes - Ca, K, Ca and P, plays a significant role in the emergence of
bioelectric phenomena.
Also special functions performed 'erythrocytes, leukocytes
and thrombocytes, which will be mentioned further, the blood is important in
the absorption process and the transfer of nutrients from the digestive tract
to the tissues; gas transfer from the lungs to the tissues and vice versa. C
Delivery carried out by means of blood circulation to the
tissues of oxygen, water, salt and removing carbon dioxide from the tissues;
removal of metabolites; transport of hormones; Regulation of water balance
tissue pH and body temperature; antibodies and other substances involved in
fighting infection. Circulation ensures the formation of energy in each cell
(ATP), via which the life of the human body.
Posted By: Wasim Javed
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