Bone marrow
Bone marrow - the main hematopoietic organ. Weight
Bone marrow is 2 kg. In the bone marrow of the sternum,
ribs, vertebrae, in the diaphysis of long bones, lymph nodes and spleen daily
born 300 billion red blood cells. However, every day in the body dies
approximately 300 billion red blood cells, about 5 billion and 250 billion of
leucocytes platelets. The numbers, as you see, enormous. Where is the source
that every hour, every minute produces a huge number of cells? This so-called
bone marrow, which is in the bones of the body.
The basis of bone marrow is a special reticulum composed of
star-shaped cells, and penetrated a large number of blood capillaries, enlarged
in the form sinuses. The hinges of the tissue and placed the young,
fast-growing cells in the bone marrow,
which are converted to erythrocytes, leukocytes and
platelets. There are red and yellow marrow. All
tissue bone marrow is filled with ripe cellular elements of
blood. Unlike red, yellow marrow contains fat inclusion.
Under normal circumstances, when a person is healthy, the
bone marrow carries a titanic work. But there is a condition where this body
are increased requirements. He brilliantly copes with them.
Man wounded. He lost a lot of blood. The bone marrow
immediately reacts to blood loss. Immediately mobilized billions of immature
cells that are rapidly turning into red blood cells. Within hours, noticeably
starts replenished blood loss.
Lymph nodes
Lymph nodes are small oval formation in size from barely
visible grains to a value of almonds; They are grouped around the lymphatic
vessels. In the body, these nodes are ubiquitous, especially a lot of them in
the upper and lower extremities. They operate as a filter and protection from
infection. They contain lymphocytes involved in dealing with foreign substances
and infectious
agents. In the pathology of the lymph nodes, axillary and
inguinal example, can grow and become painful on palpation.
In humans, there are 400 lymph nodes.
Node is the formation of rounded or oval, convex-concave
shape with a size of 1 to 22 mm. Concavity - "gate", from whence come
the efferent lymph vessels. Profit vessels enter the lymph node from the convex
side.
Lymph nodes perform barrier, protective, share, and backup
functions are involved in immune processes. Their cortex and medulla formed
lymphoma
fotsity that perform a vital role in the body's resistance
(immunity).
The white blood cells produced by the lymph nodes, stimulating
proliferation of lymphocytes. Lymph nodes barriers regulate the lymph flow.
They detain and absorb the lymph when its volume becomes excessive.
When kidney disease lymphatic circulation is strengthened;
in cardiac patients it is delayed, sometimes even up to a stop.
Lymph differs from the tissue fluid is mainly a high protein
diet (2%). During the day, 2-4 liters of lymph formed.
Lymphatic vessels permeate almost all organs, except nails,
skin, hair, corneas and some other.
Inflammation of lymph nodes (lymphadenitis), and the
lymphatic vessel wall may occur if the body of the inflammatory focus.
Vessels and nerves of the lymph nodes. Each lymph node
consists of 1-2 and 10 small branches from nearby arteries. Emerging from the
capillary venules coalesce into veins, heading to the gate of the body and
leave the unit with the efferent lymphatic vessels.
Nerve fibers lymph nodes obtained from the plexus near the
arteries, as well as from passing near the sites of nerve Stalks.
Spleen
The spleen is located in the abdominal cavity at a level of
from IX to XI ribs in the left upper quadrant, it is enclosed in a tight
capsule. The weight of the spleen of an adult (2040 s) was 192 g for males and
153 g in women.
Under a serous cover is fibrous sheath
inside of connective depart perekladi-
us - trabeculae of the spleen. Between trabeculae are
parenchyma, pulp (pulp) of the spleen. There are red pulp, which is located
between the venous sinus of the spleen and consisting of loops of the reticular
tissue filled with red blood cells, white blood cells, lymphocytes,
macrophages.
Splenic white pulp is formed by knots and max
rofagalno-lymphoid couplings consisting of lymphocytes and
other cells of the lymphoid tissue overlying
in the loops of the reticular stroma.
To fit the spleen splenic artery, which is divided into
several branches, entering the body through its gates. In the parenchyma of the
spleen pulp sent artery diameter of 0.2 mm. Each pulposus artery eventually
divided into brush-artery surrounded
macrophage-lymphoid sleeves. Formed
when branching arteries capillaries empty into the splenic
wide venular sinuses, which are located in the red pulp.
Venous blood flows away from the parenchyma of the pulp of
the spleen, then trabecular veins, then through the splenic vein empties into
the portal vein.
The innervation of the spleen is carried out by sympathetic
fibers, suitable for the spleen as part of the eponymous plexus. Afferent
fibers are processes of sensory neurons that lie in the spinal sites.
The red pulp is filled with formed elements
Blood; white pulp is formed by lymphoid tissue in which
lymphocytes are produced. In addition to the hematopoietic function, spleen
captures from the blood of outdated red blood cells, microorganisms and other
alien elements of the body, caught in the blood; it produces antibodies.
Hematopoietic system - a complex system of physiological and
functional state it is closely related to the overall reactivity of the
organism, which, in turn,
It depends on the condition of the nervous system. It is
scientifically proven that the blood system is regulated by the nervous system,
and that the leading role in the nervous system regulation of blood belongs to
the cerebral cortex.
The regulatory impact of the nervous system applies to the
whole blood system: the organs of blood, organs krovorazrusheniya and even
blood cells.
Works VN Chernigov and his staff AF Yaro-Sheva, OI Moses and
others proved that the most important organs of the blood - the bone marrow,
spleen, liver and lymph nodes - are connected with the nervous system of
two-way communication, that is, . e. the nervous system affects the operation
of these bodies, and they, in turn, are a source of pulses received by the
nervous system. In addition, the innervation of the blood system has proved
work morphology (BA long-Saburov, VM Godinho, LI Gurevichidr.) Established the
presence of delicate nerve fibers, called receptors, in the lymph nodes, spleen
and parenchyma of the bone
brain.
Regulating effect on the nervous system elements
flowing blood also apparently carried nerve
"devices", located in the walls of blood vessels, possibly by
providing hormonal substances mediators by neural stimulation.
The cerebral cortex has a regulating effect on the system as
the blood through the autonomic nervous system and endocrine glands through
metabolism
and so on. d. However, we must remember that the humoral
factors are subordinated to the central nervous regulation.
The issue of studying the function of hematopoiesis was put
Botkin. With exceptional for its time, the breadth of thought, he formulated
the doctrine of tsentrogen Mr. norvnoreflektornom origin and sprinkled some
diseases. Under the influence of Sechenov SP Botkin scientific obosnoppl
tporiyu nervism, which addresses
body as a whole, the aggregate of all its physical and
mental characteristics, in unity with the environment.
SP Botkin raised the question of the central regulation of
blood, the presence of the primary changes in the nervous apparatus in many
diseases of the blood. In lectures on chlorosis and pernicious anemia he spent
the idea of the participation of the nerve centers in
the occurrence of these diseases. To prove the influence of the nervous system on the blood SP
Botkin conducted experiments on animals. So, its resident LI Tumas in 1884
showed that after section of the sciatic nerve in dogs and rabbits bone marrow
to the injured party has been sharply atrofi-Chen compared to the healthy side.
Posted By: Wasim Javed
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