Steps of Development of R.B.C's

Pro erythroblast is the first cell which is responsible for the formation of many red blood cells because when these cells formed ,divide several times and form many mature red blood cells.

The 1st generated cells are called besophil erythroblast because they can be stained with basic dyes. The at this time the cell has very little hemoglobin. However in succeeding generation the cell becomes filled approx 33% hemoglobin. At the same time the endoplasmic reticulum is reabsorbed. The cell at this steps is called reticul: eytes.

The remaining bchophilic materiel in reticnlocyte disappear with in 1--2 days and the cell is then converted into mature erythrocytes.

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Development of red blood corpucles

Areas of the body that produce Red cells

1. Embyonic Life:-

In early few weeks of Embyonic life, the primitive nucleated red blood cells are produced in the yolk sea.

Later on in the middle trimester of gestation red blood cells are produced by liver. Through reasonable no of R.B.C's are produced by the spleen and lymph nodes

2. After birth:-

The bone marrow is the main site of erythrogesis during the early year all bones are filled up with blood forming red marrow but by twentieth year almost all the long bones are replaced with inactive yellow and in this location. R.B.C formation stops only the upper ends of femur and humerus certain red marrow and continue to form red cells throughout the life.

In addition to this the vertebrae, the ribs and flat bones produce R.B.C's continuously.

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Composition of R.B.C

Composition of R.B.C:-

Each red blood cell contains
1. Water-----65%
2. Solid-----35%

A) Solid Portion 35% contains:-

The solid portion contains,

i. Hemoglobin -----33%
ii 2% of phospholipids, cholesterol, cholesterol aster, amino acid and proteins.
iii. But very small amount of Urea, Uric acid Phosphate are also present

B) Total lipids of R.B.C:-

Total lipids,

i. Phospholipids -----60%
ii. Free Cholesterol -----30%
iii. Fat and cholesterol aster -----10%

of the salts in the corpuscles potassium phosphate is the chief slat.


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Formed Elements of blood

There are three types of cellular elements in the blood which constitute about 45% of the blood i.e

i. red blood corpuscles (R.B.C) or erythrocytes.
ii. White blood corpuscles (W.B.C) or leukocytes
iii. Platelets or thrombocytes

These are collectively known as formed aliments of the blood.

Red blood Corpuscles (R.B.C):-

(R.B.C's are also known as erythrocytes). They canto no nucleic acid or mitochondria and can reproduce R.B.C' have a little aerobic metabolic and have no protein, fat or carbohydrate synthetics activity. These substances and function are lost where normoble and reticuloblast are converted into mature re blood cells.

Shape:-

The mature human or mammalian red blood cells camel are circular , biconvex in shape and lack nucleus. In came they are oval in shape.

In mammalian vertebrates red cells are oval, biconvex and nucleated. In foctus. They are nucleated but in later part the nucleated cells disappear from the circa the edges are rounded and thicker then the center and looks like dumb-bell from the side.

Size:-

Red blood cells are 7.5 um in diameter 7.2u

1.1 um in thickness

1 um in the contve

7.2 u means diameter.



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C Language Coversions

Decimal to binary

Divide by 2 and start bottom to top.

Decimal to octal

Divide by 8 and start bottom to top.

Decimal to hexadecimal

Divide by 16 and start bottom to top.

Binary to decimal

Multiply by 2 and power start on 2.

Octal to decimal

Multiply by 8 and power start on 8.

Hexadecimal to decimal

Multiply by 16 and power start on 16.

Binary to octal

Make table start 3 marks right to left and 3 mark look in the table and write below 3 marks and write them.

Octal to binary

Make table mark 3 below the octal numbers and write them.

Binary to hexadecimal

Make table 4 mark below the binary numbers and write them.

Hexadecimal to binary

Make table 4 mark below the hexadecimal numbers and write them.

Octal to hexadecimal

Step one: convert octal into binary.
Step second: convert binary of octal into hexadecimal.

Hexadecimal to octal

Step one: convert hexadecimal into binary.
Step second: convert binary of hexadecimal into octal.

Decimal to binary in points

Before point same as decimal to binary conversion after point all the numbers multiply by 2 the result again multiply by 2 when same result begin then stop and write start top to bottom and count before the same result.

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Write note on the following topics

(1) Local variable: -

These variables which are used with in only that function, in which these are declared are called local variable. These variables cannot be used in the main ( ) program or in another program.

(2) Global variable: -

Those variables which are declared before main ( ) function and can be used any ware in the program.

(3) Return statement: -

This statement is use to bring a value from any function main ( ) program.

(4) Calling function: -

The written function of the main ( ) function is called calling function.

(5) Called function: -

A function which is written in main ( ) program is called function.

(6) Source program: -

A computer program written in a high level language is called source program. It is also called the source code.

(7) Object program: -

A computer program in a machine language is called the object program. It is also called the object code.


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What are unions in C language, explain

Unions: -

A union is a memory location just like a structure which has number of variables of different data type. The syntax of a union in C language is just like the structure syntax, such that:
Union name of union
{
Type member variables;
}
Union name of union using new name;
In this topic we also use a dot (.) operator with its new reference name.
For example
Union mem
{
Int a;
Char b;
};
Union name value;
So we can use its reference name value with its member variables as:
Value . a;
Value . b;


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What is structure, explain

Structure: -

As we know that an array is the collection of same data type but structure is the collection of different data types or different variables or different field.

A structure is written as:
Struct name of structure
{
Type member’s variables;
};
Where the word struct is used for structure and it is a reserved word, which tells the compiler that we are introducing the structure and fields.
For example
Struct student record
{
Char name [15];
Char exam [10];
Int phy, che, math’s;
};
So the student name is the name of structure and name, exam are the fields of character type and phy, che, math’s are the fields of integer type.


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