Failure to
comply with the established rules of techniques and methods of blood
transfusions may arise gemotrans-fusional (post-transfusion) reactions and
complications.
Clinically
distinguish transfusion reactions: pyrogenic, allergic and anaphylactic. They
do not pose an immediate danger to life, however, even though non-durable, but
violate the function of organs and systems.
1. Pyrogenic
reactions are general malaise, chills, fever, increased heart rate and
breathing. Sometimes there are severe reactions: body temperature rises by more
than 2 °, there are chills, headache, cyanosis of the lips, shortness of
breath, sometimes pain and bones.
The reason
may be making pyrogens into the bloodstream of the recipient (the patient, who
poured
blood) or to
antigens izosensibilizatsiya leukocytes, platelets, and plasma proteins.
2. Allergic
reactions manifested by chills, fever, blood pressure changes,
shortness of
breath, nausea, sometimes vomiting, hives, itching
skin and
other symptoms. The reason - the sensitization of the patient to the antigens
of plasma proteins, often after repeated blood transfusions.
3. Reaction
anaphylactic shock is rare plasma transfusion. The clinical picture is
characterized by acute vasomotor disorders: anxiety, facial flushing, cyanosis,
attacks of breathlessness, increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure. The
reason -
izosensibilizatsiya
to globulin.
In the event
of such reactions should be stopped immediately and apply transfusion
cardiovascular, anti-anxiety agents and giposeneibiliziruyuschie.
Transfusion
complications - simptomokomp Lex characterized by severely impaired the
functioning of vital organs and systems that are hazardous
for the life
of the patient. The main causes of complications: incompatibility of blood
donors and recipients of erythrocyte antigens (group factors for the ABO
system, rhesus
factors and
other antigens); poor quality of blood transfused (bacterial contamination,
overheating, hemolysis, denaturation of proteins as a result of long-term
storage, storage temperature violations and others.);
errors in
transfusion (occurrence of air embolism, circulatory disorders, kardiovasku-
lar
deficiency and etc.). massive doses of transfusion; underestimation of the
condition of the recipient before transfusion (enhanced reactivity and
sensitization etc.). the transfer of infectious agents from blood transfusions.
The most
common cause of blood transfusion complications is the incompatibility of blood
transfused ABO and Rh factor.
Blood
transfusion requires precise execution of the rules of the art and techniques
of blood transfusion.
Posted By: Wasim Javed
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