Managing Files and Folders

File:  A collection of related data or programs/records stored as a unit with a single name is called a file.
Folder: Collection of files and /or folders is called folder.
Drive:  A storage medium in which data may be organized and maintained in the form of files and folders.

1. To create New Folder: 
Right click on the Desktop empty area Or The drive in which you want to create new Folder.
Select the new option and then click on the folder option.
Give the name to this new folder.

2. To rename the Folder: 
Right click on the folder.
Click on the rename option.
New you can give another name to it.
OR
Press F2 from keyboard to rename the folder.

3. To Copy and Paste the Folder:
Right click on the folder.
Click on the Copy option.
Now your can Paste this Folder anywhere you like.

4. To Cut and Paste a Folder:
Right click of the folder.
Click on the Cut option.
Now paste this folder in another location, where you want to place it.

5. To Drag a File or Folder:
Click on the File and Folder.
Press and hold left mouse Button and move it.
Now leave the mouse button.

6. To Delete a File and Folder:
Right click on the File or Folder.
Click on the Delete option
The selected File or Folder will be deleted.

7. Keyboard Short Cut Keys:
Press Ctrl+X         to Cut a Folder.
Press Ctrl+C         to Copy a Folder.
Press Ctrl+V         to Paste a Folder.

Posted By: Wasim Javed

Components of a Windows Screen

Following are some basic components of any Windows Screen in Windows operating system.
These are the components:

a) Title Bar:  An area at the top of a windows that contains the name of the file or application in the windows.

b) Menu Bar:  This is the strip below the Title Bar. The menu bar has the program function organized in menus. For example, when we click on File, the different operations that can performed with files are displayed.

c) Tool Bar: The Tool Bar contains icons to immediately execute some of the most often used commands. These commands can also be executed from the menu Bar.

d) Scroll Bar:  The bar on the side (vertical) or bottom (horizontal) of a computer screen window that allows users to navigate up and down (or from side to side) through the window's contents.

e) Status Bar: A horizontal line of information displayed at the bottom of an application window. It reports information about the current state of the program or the data contents in the window. For example, the status bar in an MS Word documents window shows detail about page, section etc.

f) Maximize and Minimize button:
Maximize: The maximize button enlarge the size of the window to the whole screen.
Minimize:  The minimize button shrinks the windows it turns it into a bar located in the Windows taskbar.

g) Close Button: The Close button closes the window.

Posted By: Wasim Javed

Working with Windows

We can open any program in Windows operating system using one of the following three ways.

a) Opening a program using Desktop:
We can following steps to open program like MS Word, using desktop. Click on MS Word icon on desktop.Microsoft Word program will be opened. We can use the same step for opening any other program.

b) Opening a program using Start Menu:
We can also use following steps to open a MS Word using start menu.
1. Click on Start Menu.
2. Select Programs option.
3. Select Microsoft Office option.
4. Select Microsoft Office Word option.
Microsoft Word program will be opened. We can use same steps for opening of any other program.

c) Opening a program using Run Command:
 We can use following steps to open MS Word using Run Command.
1. Click on the Start Menu.
2. Click on run option.
3. Type the name of file, which you want to open/run. e.g Winword for MS. Word.

Posted By: Wasim Javed

Introduction to Windows

The software / program in computer which is responsible to start and control functionality of computer is called operating system. It acts as a bridge between user and the physical parts of computer. Without an operating system, it is not possible for a computer to work.

Stepping into windows:
MS-Windows is a GUI (Graphical User Interface) operating system. It includes graphical objects such as different types of colored screen called windows and also other objects such as icons, folders, buttons, dialogue boxes etc.

Starting a computer:
To turn the computer on, find its power button from system box and press it.
The starting process of computer is called Booting.

To shut down your computer:
1. Click the Start button. The start menu will appear.
2. Click turn off computer. The turn off computer dialog box will appear.
3. Click the turn off option. Your computer will shut down.

How do I restart my computer:
To shut down and immediately restart your computer:
1. Click on the start button. The start menu will appear.
2. Click on the turn off computer.
3. Click the Restart option. Your computer will be restarted.

Following are the components of Desktop Windows screen.

a) Desktop: After you have started the computer, the area you are looking at is called the desktop.
b) Taskbar start button/ Start menu: Normally at the bottom of the desktop there is a bar called taskbar. The leftmost button on the taskbar is known as start button.
c) Notification area: It is also called the system tray or just tray. This area on the right end of the taskbar contains the clock and several notification icons. For example, a speaker icon lets you view and change the volume level.
d) Desktop icons:  An icon is a small picture with a caption (name) that represents a file, folder, or program on your computer. Double-clicking on an icon will open or launch the file, folder, or program. some commonly used desktop icons are:
1. My Computer: My computer icon provides access to the resources of your computer.

2. My  Documents:  My documents is the name of a special folder on the computer's desktop. It is commonly used to store a user's documents, music, pictures, download, and other files.
3. Recycle Bin:  When we delete a file or folder in Windows. Windows sends it to the Recycle Bin. We can restore files or folder that are located in the Recycle Bin or we can permanently delete them.
4. Internet Explorer:  The icon Internet Explorer is used to quickly access internet.

Posted By: Wasim Javed

Question and Answer of Chapter 5: Begum Rana Liaqat Ali Khan

Q.1: When did Begum Liaqat Ali Khan learn to care for others?
Ans:  Begum Liaqat Ali Khan learn to care for others at a sanatorium in Almora. There she used to go with her mother and see the critical patients. the miserable conditions of those patients softened her heart and thus she started caring for others.

Q.2: Why did she accompany her husband to Quaid-i-Azam's residence?
Ans:  She accompanied her husband to Quaid-i-Azam's residence in order to request him to return to India. At that time, Quaid-i-Azam was residing in London. Begum Liaqat Ali Khan, in the company of her husband, made a request to Quaid-i-Azam to resume his leadership so that Muslims of India were properly guided.

Q.3: What did Quaid-i-Azam say to her in 1942?
Ans:  Quaid-i-Azam told her in 1942 that she should take the responsibility of training the women. He told her that Islam is not in favor of confining woman to her home. She is allowed to go out to contribute to human progress.

Q.4: Why did she call upon women to collect food and medical supplies?
Ans:  She wanted that women should work side by side with men to help the oppressed people of the society. In 1947, when the refugees crossed the new boundary and came to Pakistan, they suffered from many diseases like cholera, diarrhea and smallpox. Their condition was pitiable. In order to help these helpless people, she called up women to collect food and medical supplies for them.

Q.5: How did Liaqat Ali Khan praise his wife?
Ans:  Liaqat Ali Khan praised his wife by telling a political rally in Karachi that his wife took the people of Pakistan to work in the refugee camps. He further told them that it was his wife who led the women of Pakistan to work as nurses.

Q.6: What is APWA and when was it founded?
Ans:  APWA stands for All Pakistan Women's Association. The purpose of this association was to deal with such national crisis which could prove dangerous to the country. it was founded in 1949.

Q.7: Who was the first woman delegate to the United Nations?
Ans:  Begum Liaqat Ali Khan was the first woman delegate to the United Nations. Beside this, she was the first woman ambassador of Pakistan. As an ambassador she represented Pakistan in the Netherlands, Italy and Tunisia. Again she remained and elected Governor of Sindh from 1973 to 1976.

Q.8: To which countries was she the designate ambassador?
Ans:  She was the designate ambassador toe the Netherlands, Italy and Tunisia.

Posted By: Wasim Javed

The Recess Period

In every school there is a recess period. It is usually after the fifth period. It is a period of joy and relief. Almost all the students wait eagerly for this period.
As soon as the bell rings, the students come out of their classrooms and start running in every direction. There is a great rush in the corridors of the school. Some students run to their home to eat something there. Others go to the school tuck shop. Some of the students open their lunch boxes and eat the things which they have brought with them.
There are some students who go to the school library and read newspapers and magazines. The serious students, who do not waste their time, study their books. Some students spend this period in copying homework form the exercise books of their friends.
As far as i am concerned, i go to the school tuck shop. I refresh myself with a cup of tea in winter and with cold drink in summer. I meet my friends there who eat or drink something. Ours is a good tuck shop where everything is available to the students. After having a cup of tea or cold drink I run to the playground and play football. After playing there for some time, the bell rings and I go straight to my classroom.

Posted By: Wasim Javed

Question and Answers of Chapter 4: Population Explosion in Pakistan

Q.1: What do you understand by overpopulation?
Ans: Overpopulation means when the resources are less than the number of people in the area. In that case, it becomes difficult for the people to meet their needs within the limited resources.

Q.2:What problem Pakistan if facing since its inception?
Ans: Pakistan is facing a number of problems since its inception. The most important among them are illiteracy, poverty, pollution, unemployment, terrorism, price hike, corruption and government instability etc. The remedy of all these problems lie in controlling the increase in population.

Q.3: What was the population of Pakistan in 1947?
Ans:  The population of Pakistan was 33 millions in 1947.

Q.4: What is meant by birth rate and how does it effect the population of country?
Ans: Birth rate means the number of births per year per thousand people of the population of a place. In Pakistan, the birth rate is very high. This high birth rate harms the economy of a country. In that case it becomes very difficult for a country to meet the growing needs of the huge population with its insufficient resources.

Q.5: How has life expectancy increased?
Ans: Life expectancy has increased because science has made astonishing progress in the field  of medicine. Now-a-days almost all diseases are curable. Thus the use of modern and improved health technology has very much increased life expectancy.

Q.6: How is economic growth hampered by overpopulation?
Ans:  Economic growth is badly hampered by overpopulation. the immense increase in population decreases  the purchasing power of the people. The investment in a country suffer a lot where the demand for the good decreases. Such a poor economy leads to closing of factories which results in joblessness, poverty, lawlessness and corruption.

Q.7: How can education play a key role in solving the problem of overpopulation?
Ans: Education can play a key role in solving the problem of overpopulation. By making people aware of the adverse effects of overpopulation will help in decreasing the problem. The people should be made aware that in order to make Pakistan a prosperous state, overpopulation must be reduced. As most of the people in our country are illiterate, the problem of overpopulation is becoming serious year by year.

Posted By: Wasim Javed

Question and Answer of Chapter 3: After Twenty Years

Q.1: Describe the scene in the beginning of the story?
Ans: A policeman can be seen on duty in an area. He is on foot patrol. It is 10 p.m. The cold wind is blowing. The area, where the policeman is performing his duty, seems deserted. Almost all the shops are closed.

Q.2: Was the place a business center only?
Ans: The place was a business center, of course. But it does not seem the business center only. Most shops were business places as the author says that the majority of the door belonged to business places. The author has mentioned a cigar store and an all-right lunch counter. It shows that besides a business place, it provided common items of eats and drinks also.

Q.3: What kind of character does the story "After Twenty Years" have?
Ans:  There are three characters in the story "After Twenty Years". One is Bob who is a true and sincere friend. He want to fulfill his promise at any cost. His friend Jimmy Wells has joined the police department. the two friends meet each other after twenty years. Bob does not know that the man in the police uniform is his old friend Jimmy Wells. Jimmy is dutiful and honest person. He gives preference to duty over friendship. The third character who comes to arrest Bob is also a police officer. He is dressed in plain clothes. He is sent by Jimmy Wells to arrest Bob.

Q.4: What is most significant happening in the story to be analyzed?
Ans: The most significant happening in the story is when Jimmy Wells sends a police officer in plain clothes to arrest Bob. He comes near Bob and pretends to be his old friend Jimmy Wells. The two starts up the street arm in arm. Near a drug store, Bob see the face of the other man.he Stop suddenly and releases his hand because the other man is not his old friend Jimmy.

  
Q.5: What is the climax of the story "After Twenty Years"?
Ans: The climax of the story "After Twenty Years" is when Bob sees that eh man he is talking to is not his friend. Actually, the man is a police officer in plain clothes. he gives Bob a letter from Jimmy. Bob learns from the letter that the police officer whom he met earlier was Jimmy, his old friend.

Q.6: How would you describe Jimmy and Bob's personalities in the story?
Ans:  Jimmy and Bob are close friends. Jimmy is a police officer whom we see on his routine patrol duty. He is a dutiful as well as an honest officer. When he comes to know that his friend is wanted in Chicago, he does not have the courage to arrest him himself. He sends another policeman who arrest Bob. As far as Bob is concerned, he is man having pale face. He is fond of smoking cigars. He want to collect money. For this he is ready to commit crimes. He is a true friend. He want to fulfill his promise at any cost.

Q.7: The ending of "After Twenty Years" fill the reader with poignancy, (Strong effect of feeling -sad) making the story effective. Discuss?
Ans:  The reader expects that Bob and Jimmy Wells, the two close friends, would meet each other after long separation. they would share their experiences of the past twenty years. But instead, the ending of the story fill him with poignancy when one of the friends is arrested by police. In spite of the tragic end, the author makes the story very effective. Bob is not arrested by Jimmy Wells directly. he sends another police officer to arrest him.

Q.8: How does the writer prepare for the end of the story?
Ans:  The writer prepares for the end of the story contrary to the expectations of the readers. The story begins very interestingly. Two close friends Bob and Jimmy meet each other after twenty years. Bob does not recognize Jimmy in the police uniform. After Jimmy's departure, another police officer in plain clothes comes whom Bob considers to be his Jimmy. The police officer arrests Bob because he is wanted in Chicago.

Posted By: Wasim Javed