Briefly describe the basic structure of C program

Basic structure of C program: -
The logic according to witch a program is written is called the structure of the program. The structure of basic C program consists of two main parts. These are:
. Preprocessor Directives
. The main ( ) function
The structure of a C language program will be as:
Main ( )
{
Declaration phase
Input phase
Processing phase
Output phase
}
Every program of C language must be given and to save program with extension .C with its name. It is the name which is given to our work when we save it permanently in computer.
The symbol dot (.) one, two or three character are given differentiate or to specify the name of file with respect to its program.


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Programming languages

A computer programs is written in a specific manner and according to a set of rules. These rules are called the computer language. It is also interface between computer and user.

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language, computer language and compiler

Language: -
It is an interface between the people like Urdu, English etc.

Computer language: - It is also an interface between computer and user.

Compiler: - This translator or converter program is used to convert a program in to machine language but as a whole.

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English medium education

English medium education

An English medium education system is one that uses English as the primary medium of instruction. A medium of instruction is the language that is used in teaching. The language used may or may not be the official language of the territory. Most schools and institutions of education in modern-day mainly English-speaking countries such as the UK, United States, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand use English as the medium of instruction.

Because a working knowledge of English is perceived as being required in many fields, professions, and occupations, many states throughout the world mandate the teaching of English, at least a basic level, in an effort to increase the competitiveness of their economies.

The language researcher David Graddol predicts that the global spread of English will lead to serious economic and political disadvantages in the future in the UK unless plans are put in place immediately to remedy the situation. Graddol concludes that monolingual English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual young people from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organisations.

Historical background

English medium education has long been associated with the expansion of English from its homeland in England and the lowlands of Scotland and its spread to the rest of Great Britain and Ireland.

The influence of the British Empire is the primary reason for the language's initial spread far beyond the United Kingdom. Following World War II, the increased economic and cultural influence of the United States led to English permeating many other cultures, chiefly through development of telecommunications technology.

English linguistic imperialism as "the dominance asserted and maintained by the establishment and continuous reconstitution of structural and cultural inequalities between English and other languages."

Phillipson's theory provides a powerful critique on the historical spread of English as an international language and how it continues to maintain its current dominance particularly in postcolonial contexts like India but also increasingly in "neo-colonial" contexts such as continental Europe. His theory draws mainly on Johan Galtung's imperialism theory, Antonio Gramsci's social theory and in particular his notion of cultural hegemony.

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan

The Government of Pakistan has recently announced the introduction of English lessons on a phased basis to all schools across the country. This new policy states that "English language has been made compulsory from Class-1 onwards" and the "Introduction of English as medium of instruction for science, mathematics, computer science and other selected subjects like economics and geography in all schools in a graduated manner." Caretaker Minister for Education Mr. Shujaat Ali Beg declared January 25, 2008 that eighteen colleges of the city of Karachi would be made "Model English Medium Colleges,"

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Course Outline for B.Sc Physics Paper B

PAPER B TH: 30, PRACTICAL: 15(Only one Practical with Both Papers A and B)

Paper-B

{Waves and Oscillation}

Main Topics
Harmonic Oscillations

Simple harmonic oscillation
(SHM)

(Obtaining and solving the basic equations of motion x (t), v (t), and a (t). Energy)

Consideration in S.H.M

Application of SHM

(Torsional oscillation, Physical pendulum, Simple pendulum)

SHM and uniform
Circular motion,
Combination of Harmonic
Motion

(Lissaajous patterns)

Damped Harmonic
Motion

(Equation of damped harmonic motion, Discussion of its solution)

Forced Oscillation
And Resonance

(Equation of forced oscillation, Discussion of its solutions, Examples of resonance)

Waves

Mechanical waves
Traveling waves

(Phase velocity of traveling waves, Sinusoidal waves, Group speed and dispersion)

Waves speed

(Mechanical analysis)

Wave equation

(Discussion of solution)

Power and intensity
In waves motion

(Derivation & Discussion)

Principle of superposition
(Basic Ideas)

(Interference of waves, Standing waves, Phase changes on reflection, Natural frequency, Resonance)

Sound

Beats phenomenon

(Analytical treatment)



Doppler Effect

(Moving source, Moving observer, both object and source moving)

Light

Nature of light

(Visible light {Physical characteristics})

Light as an electromagnetic
Wave

(Speed of light in matter, Physical aspects, Path difference, Phase difference etc)

Interference

Adding of electromagnetic
Waves using phasors

(Coherence of sources, double slit interference, Analytical treatment)

Interference from films

(Newton’s ring {Analytical treatment})

Michelson interferometer

(Discussion to include use of a compensating plates, Michelson interferometer use in determining velocity of light)

Fresnel’s biprism and its use

Diffraction

(Diffraction at single slit, Intensity in single slit diffraction using phasor treatment and analytical treatment using addition of waves, Double slit interference & diffraction combined, Diffraction at a circular aperture)

Diffraction from
Multiple slits

(Discussion to include width of the maxima)

Diffraction grating

(Discussion, Use in spectrographs, Dispersion and resolving power of gratings)

Holography

(Qualitative discussion)

Polarization

(Basic definition, production of polarization
By polarizing sheets, by reflection, by double refraction and double scattering)

Description of
Polarization states

(Linear, Circular, elliptic polarization)

Rotation of plane
Of polarization

(Use of Polari meter)


Thermodynamics
And Statistical
Mechanics


Temperature, Kinetic
Theory of the ideal gas,
Work done on an ideal
Gas

(Review of previous concepts)

Internal energy of
And ideal gas

(To include the Equipartation of energy)

Intermolecular forces
Qualitative discussion

(Vander Waals equation of state)

Statistical
Mechanics

Statistical Distribution
And mean values

(Mean free path and microscopic Calculations of mean free path)

Distribution of molecular
Speeds, Distribution of
Energies

(Maxwell distribution, Maxwell
Boltzmann energy distribution, internal
Energy of an ideal gas)


Brownian motion

(Qualitative description, Definition, Conduction and

Thermodynamics
And Statistical
Mechanics


Temperature, Kinetic
Theory of The ideal gas,
Work done on an ideal
Gas

(Review of previous concepts)

Internal energy of and
Ideal gas

(To include the Equipartation of energy)

Intermolecular forces
Qualitative discussion

(Vander Waals equation of state)

Statistical Mechanics

Statistical Distribution
And mean values

(Mean free path and microscopic Calculations of mean free path)

Distribution of molecular
Speeds, Distribution of
Energies


(Maxwell distribution, Maxwell
Boltzmann energy distribution, internal
Energy of an ideal gas)

Brownian motion

(Qualitative description, Definition, Conduction and
Viscosity)



Heat

Review of previous
Concepts, First law
Of thermodynamics,
Transfer of heat

(First law of thermodynamics & its application to adiabatic, isothermal, cyclic and free expansion)


Entropy &
Second law Of
Thermodynamics

Reversible an irreversible
Processes, Second law
Carnot cycle, Carnot
Engines

(Definition, discussion, Heat engine,
Refrigerators & Second Law, Calculation of Efficiency of heat engines)


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Course Outline for B.Sc Physics Paper A

PAPER A TH: 30, PRACTICAL: 15(Only one Practical with Both Papers A and B)

Paper-A

{Mechanics}

Main Topics

Vector Operations:

Vector in 3 dimensions

(Introduction, Direction of cosines, Spherical polar coordinates, Applications)

Vector Derivatives and
Operations

(Divergence and curl of a vector, Gradient of a scalar)

Gradient, Divergence
And curl of a vector

(Physical applications of each types, Divergence and flux of a vector field, Curl and line integral {Mutal Relation}

Divergence Theorem

(Derivation, Physical importance and applications to specific cases, converting from differential to integral forms)

Stokes Theorem

(Derivation, Physical importance and applications to specific cases, converting from differential to integral forms)

Particle Dynamics

Advanced applications
Of Newton’s Law

(Electrical forces, Microscopic basis of this force)

Dynamic of uniform
Motion

(Conical pendulum, the rotor, Circular the banked curve)

Equation of motion

(Deriving kinematics questions X {V}, V {T} using integrations, Constant and non constant, Forces and special examples)

Time dependent forces

(Obtaining X {T}, V {T} for this case using integration method)

Effect of drag forces
On motion

(Applying Newton’s law to obtain V {T} for the case of motion with time dependent drag {Viscous} forces, Terminal velocity, Projectile motion / air resistance)

Non inertial frames
And pseudo forces

(Qualitative discussion to develop understanding, Calculation of pseudo forces for simple cases {linearly accelerated references frame}, Centrifugal forces as an example of pseudo forces, Carioles forces)

Limitations of Newton’s
Law discussion

Work and Energy

Work done by a constant
Forces, Work done by a

Variable force {1 Dimensional}

(Essentially a review of grade-XII concepts use of integration technique to calculate work done, {e.g. in vibration of a spring obeying Hooke’s law}

Work done by a variable
{2 Dimensional cases}

(Obtaining general expression force and applying to simple cases e.g. pulling a mass at the end of a fixed sting against gravity)

Work energy theorem.
General proof of work
Energy theorem

(Qualitative review of work energy theorem, Derivation using integral calculus, Basic formula, Applications)

Power

Reference frame

(Energy changes with respect to observers in different inertial frames)


Conservation of energy

Conservative, None
Conservative forces

(Definition of either type of force & examples, Work done in a closed path)

(1-D conservative system, Force as the gradient of potential energy, Application to the case a spring and force of gravity)

1 dimensional
Conservative system

(Obtaining velocity in the terms of U and E, Stable, Unstable and neutral equilibrium, Analytic solution for X {T})

2, 3 dimensional
Conservative system

(Change in P.E, for motion in 3-d, Force as the gradient of the potentials, Work done in 2, 3dimensional motion)

Conservation of energy
In a system of particles

(Law of conservation of total energy of an isolated system)

System of Particles

Two particle systems
And generalization to
Many particle systems

(Centre of mass, its position velocity and equation of motion)

Centre of mass of
Solid objects

(Calculation of centre of mass of solid objects using integral calculus, Calculating C.M of
1. Uniform rod
2. Cylinder
3. Sphere

Momentum changes
In a system of variables
Mass

(Derivation of basic equations, Application to motion of a racket {Determination of its mass as a function of time})

Collision

Elastic collision:

Conservation of
Momentum during collision

(a) One dimension
(b) Two dimension {oblique collision}

Inelastic collision,
Collision in centre
Of mass reference frame

(One and two dimensions, Simple application, Obtaining velocities in C.M frame)


Rotational Dynamic

Overview of rotational
Dynamics

(Relation ship between linear & angular variables, Scalar vector form, Kinetic energy of rotation, Moment of inertia)

Parallel axis theorem

(Prove and illustration, Apply simple mass)

Determination of moment
Of inertia of various shapes,
Rotational dynamic of rigid
Bodies

(Equation of rotational motion and effects of application of torques)

Combine rotational
And transnational motion

(Rolling without slipping)

Angular Momentum

Angular velocity

(Definition, Conversion of angular momentum, Effect of torque)

Stability of spinning
Objects

(Discussion with example)

The spinning top

(Effects of torque on the angular momentum, Processional motion)

Gravitation

Review of basic concepts
Of gravitation, Gravitational
Effect of a spherical mass
Distribution

(Mathematical treatment)


Gravitational potential
Energy

(Develop using integration techniques, Calculation of escape velocity)

Gravitational field &
Potential

(Develop the idea of field of force)

Universal gravitational
Law

(Motion of planets and Keplers law {Derivation & Explanation} Motion of satellites, Energy considerations in planetary and satellite motion, Qualitative discussion on application of gravitational law to the galaxy)

Bulk Properties of
Matters

Elastic properties of matter

(Physical basis of elasticity tension, Compression & shearing, elastic modulus, Elastic limit)

Fluid Statics

(Variation of pressure in fluid at rest and with height in the atmosphere)

Surface tension

(Physical basis, Role in formation of drop and bubbles)

Fluid Dynamics

(General concept of fluid flow streamline and the torque of continuity)

Bernoulli’s Equation

(Derivation and some applications such as dynamic lift thrust on a rocket)

Viscosity

(Physical basis, obtaining the coefficient of viscosity, Practical example of viscosity, Fluid flow through a cylindrical pipe {poisenille’s law})

Special Theory of Relativity

Trouble with classical
Mechanics

(Qualitative discussion of the inadequacy or paradoxes in classical ideas of time, Length, and velocity)

Postulates of relativity

(Statements and discussion)

The Lorentz transformation
Inverse transformation

(Derivation, Assumption on which derived, Application of the same transformation of velocities)

Consequences of Lorentz
Transformation

(Relativity of time, Relativity of length)

Relativity momentum

(Derivation)

Relativistic energy


(Derive E=mc2), {E=mc Square}


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The array of 5 element in the main function and call a function to sort the given the array and the sorted list will be displayed in the main function

Main()
{
int n[5],I;
for(i=0;i<=4;i++)
{
printf(“Enter the number\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n[i]);
}
sorting(n[0]);
printf(“The sorted list\n”);
for(i=0;i<=4;i++)
printf(“%d\n”,n[i]);
getch();
}
sorting (int *k)
{
int I,j,t;
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
for(j=i+1 ;j<=4 ;j++)
if(*(k+i)>* (k+j ))
{
t=*(k+I );
*(k+i)=*(k+j);
*(k+j )=t;
}
}


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Problem 6

main()
{
int l[10] ,I ,j, s;
for(i=0; < 10 ;i++)
{
printf(“Enter a number \n”);
scanf(“%d”,&l[i]);
s= summation (&l[0]);
printf(“sum=%d\n”,s);
}
summation (int *p)
{
int j,sum=0;
for(i=0 ;j<10 ;j++)
sum +=*(p+j);
return( sum);
}


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